Figure 5
From: Luminous, relativistic, directional electron bunches from an intense laser driven grating plasma
(a) Schematic of the simulation setup. The colorbar represents the plasma density (nc). ER is an electron recorder for diagnosis. The incidence angle is 40° in accordance with the experimental setup. (b) Angular distribution of fast electrons (Ek > 800 keV) recorded by ER for plane foil, Gr500, and Gr1000. (c) Electron emission detected during all three stages of laser interaction time profile for Gr500. Stage 1: 0–35 T0 (red curve—representing laser rising edge); Stage 2: 36–60 T0 (green curve—after the laser peak until the upper-forward electrons fade away), Stage 3: 61–100 T0 (blue curve—after the Stage 2 until the all the detectable electrons vanish). The moment in each stage here is several T0 later than the laser loading time due to the propagation delay (i. e., t = 30 T0 is the moment at which the laser peak impinges on the target. However, about additional 5 T0 is required for electrons propagating from the target surface to ER, hence the corresponding time for electrons being detected is t = 35 T0).
