Figure 4

Forming forces obtained for different thicknesses of thin sheet metal and different diameters of dies with different ultrasonic forming parameters. (a) Thin sheetmetal:10 μm, die diameter: 500 μm. (b) Thin sheetmetal:10 μm, die diameter: 600 μm. (c) Thin sheetmetal:10 μm, die diameter: 700 μm. (d) Thin sheetmetal: 20 μm, die diameter: 700 μm.