Table 1 The characteristics of COVID-19 survivors and non-COVID-19 cohorts.

From: New symptoms and prevalence of postacute COVID-19 syndrome among nonhospitalized COVID-19 survivors

Variables

Non-COVID-19 controls (n = 347)

COVID-19 survivors (n = 125)

Effect size (Cohen’s d/OR)

p value

Sex

Men

222 (64.0)

63 (50.4)

0.572

0.008*

Women

125

62

Age

40.818 ± 14.229

39.270 ± 14.644

0.109

0.301

BMI

23.73 ± 10.16

24.65 ± 17.74

0.064

0.494

Smoking

148 (42.7)

38 (30.4)

0.587

0.016*

Hospitalization status during the interview

183 (52.7)

76 (60.8)

1.390

0.120

Vaccination status

Vaccinated

250 (72.0)

91 (72.8)

1.03

0.872

Unvaccinated

97 (28.0)

34 (27.2)

Duration between infection and interview (Intervals)

Not infected

347

–

–

–

Less than 6 months

–

36 (28.8)

–

6–12 months

–

35 (28.0)

–

More than 12 months

–

54 (43.2)

–

Diabetes mellitus

76 (21.9)

22 (17.6)

0.762

0.309

Respiratory comorbidities

25 (7.2)

6 (4.8)

0.649

0.484

Cardiovascular comorbidities

83 (23.9)

28 (22.4)

0.918

0.477

CKD

14 (4.0)

5 (4.0)

0.991

0.987

Cancer

29 (8.4)

11 (8.8)

1.058

0.879

Autoimmune diseases

24 (6.9)

8 (6.4)

0.920

0.844

GI disorders

17 (4.9)

1 (0.8)

0.157

0.040*

Neurological diseases

13 (3.7)

2 (1.6)

0.418

0.241

Others

24 (6.9)

8 (6.4)

0.920

0.844

Antidiabetic drugs

28 (8.1)

6 (4.8)

0.574

0.225

Antihypertensives

6 (1.7)

4 (3.2)

1.879

0.328

Antiplatelets/anticoagulants

13 (3.7)

3 (2.4)

0.632

0.476

Inhalers

1 (0.3)

3 (2.4)

8.508

0.027*

Dyslipidemia drugs

5 (1.4)

2 (1.6)

1.112

0.900

PPIs/H2 blockers

3 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

0.392

0.297

Others

14 (4.0)

4 (3.2)

0.786

0.676

PTSD

207 (59.7)

105 (84.0)

3.551

0.000*

Anxiety

67 (19.3)

48 (38.4)

2.605

0.000*

Depression

158 (45.5)

94 (75.2)

3.627

0.000**

Cognitive deficit

166 (47.8)

90 (72.2)

2.804

0.000*

Tics

24 (6.9)

23 (18.4)

3.035

0.000*

General health status (VAS)

73.98 ± 17.95

67.20 ± 19.286

0.364

0.000*

Quality of life (EQ-5D-5L assessment score)

0.39 ± 0.36

0.66 ± 0.32

0.793

0.000*

MMRC scale score

0.65 ± 1.03

0.88 ± 1.229

0.203

0.042*

BCSS score

1.36 ± 1.82

1.76 ± 2.06

0.206

0.042*

  1. This table shows the differences between COVID-19 survivors and non-COVID-19 patients in terms of general characteristics and outcomes.
  2. *P value < 0.05.
  3. BMI Body mass index, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, OSA Obstructive sleep apnea, HTN Hypertension, HF Heart failure, IHD Ischemic heart disease, CKD Chronic kidney disease, CVAs Cerebrovascular diseases, ACEI Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin receptor blocker, CCB Calcium channel blocker, PPIs Proton pump inhibitors, ACH Acetyl choline, PTSD Posttraumatic stress disorder, VAS Visual Analogue Scale, EQ-5D-5L EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level assessment, MMRC Modified Medical Research Council scale, BCSS Breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale.
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