Figure 5

Schematic illustration showing arrangements of GSTe gene array in DDT-susceptible (Che-S) and -resistant (Alw-R) strains of An. stephensi. The arrangement of duplicated GST epsilon array in Alw-R (near-isogenic line) is based on the manual alignment of sequences derived from a series of L-PCR. The coloured blocks represent different GSTe genes. The black, red and grey bars connecting GSTe genes represent intergenic regions, insert-segment and ψAsGSTe2, respectively. The name and location of primers used for PCR amplification are shown in vertical text. Some primers, viz., E21F, E21R, E22F, E22R, PS1F, PS1R, PS2F, and PS2R are haplotype-specific and were designed from indel sites present in AsGSTe2 and ψAsGSTe2 pseudogene variants. Black horizontal dimension lines indicate the size of a successful PCR amplicon derived from primer sets. Red horizontal dimension-lines ‘a’ represents a PCR amplicon amplified by a single PCR that aligns to two regions. Red horizontal dimension lines, ‘b’, ‘c’ and ‘d’, represent a single amplicon having three haplotypes, which were phased out by sequencing using different haplotype-specific primers. The location of deletion in ψAsGSTe2 and insertion in AsGSTe2 have been indicated by the caret and upside-down caret symbols, respectively. Abbreviations used: E1: AsGSTe1; E2: AsGSTe2; E2.1: AsGSTe2.1; E2.2: AsGSTe2.2; E4.1: AsGSTe4.1; E4.2: AsGST4.2; E4.3: AsGSTe4.3; E5: AsGSTe5; PS2.1: ψAsGSTe2.1; PS2.2: ψAsGSTe2.2; PS1: truncated AsGSTe1 (pseudogene); PS5: truncated AsGSTe5 (pseudogene).