Table 3 Generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) for the heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure. For each model, the coefficient representing the intercept of the data and its significance is shown. The sampling frequency is 12 samples/min for heart rate (t(59,951)) and respiration rate (t(59,951)), and 0.5 samples/min for blood pressure (t(2502)). Intercept data has no practical meaning as the model could not be set to zero^48,49. Abbreviations: standard error (SE), confidence interval (CI), test statistic with sample size used for the predictions in the model (t( )), proportion of the t distribution at that df which is greater than the absolute value of your t statistic (PR( >|t|)). Significant p-values are in bold.

Heart rate

Audiovisual (intercept)

− 6.142

2.115

[− 10.29, − 2.00]

− 2.904

0.004

Auditory only

0.210

0.052

[0.11, 0.31]

4.051

< 0.001

Visual only

− 0.034

0.052

[− 0.14, 0.07]

− 0.648

0.517

Control

0.780

0.052

[0.68, 0.88]

14.960

< 0.001

Age

0.013

0.026

[− 0.04, 0.06]

0.509

0.610

Sex

0.392

0.805

[− 1.18, 1.97]

0.487

0.626

Respiration rate

Audiovisual (intercept)

− 5.391

4.661

[− 14.53, 3.74]

− 1.157

0.247

Auditory only

− 0.717

0.111

[− 0.93, − 0.05]

− 6.488

< 0.001

Visual only

− 1.184

0.111

[− 1.40, − 0.97]

− 10.707

< 0.001

Control

1.191

0.111

[0.97, 1.41]

0.700

< 0.001

Age

− 0.020

0.057

[− 0.13, 0.09]

− 0.345

0.730

Sex

0.734

1.773

[− 2.74, 4.21]

0.414

0.679

Blood pressure

Audiovisual (intercept)

− 0.634

3.076

[− 6.67, 5.40]

− 0.206

0.837

Auditory only

1.770

0.257

[1.27, 2.27]

6.883

< 0.001

Visual only

0.703

0.257

[0.20, 1.21]

2.734

0.006

Control

1.272

0.257

[0.77, 1.78]

4.953

< 0.001

Age

− 0.030

0.038

[− 0.10, 0.04]

− 0.786

0.432

Sex

− 1.589

1.169

[− 3.88, 0.70]

− 1.360

0.174