Figure 3
Butyrate treatment results in lower ATP production rates by modulating cellular metabolism. (A, B) Extracellular Acidification Rates (ECAR) (A) and Oxygen Consumption Rates (OCR) (B) of Caco-2 cells treated with control (solid line) or 8 mmol/L Na-butyrate (dashed line) (first arrow), followed by 2 µmol/L oligomycin (blocks OXPHOS as inhibitor of ATP synthase; second arrow) and a mixture of 0.5 µmol/L rotenone and antimycin A (blocks OXPHOS as inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I and III, respectively; third arrow), as measured with the Seahorse Xfe96 analyzer and normalized to control cells. Results of one representative experiment are shown, experiments were repeated in triplicate. Data represent mean ± SEM with 12 replicates per condition. (C–E) Glycolytic (C), mitochondrial (D) and total (C) ATP production rate of cells before (basal) and after (induced) treatment with 8 mmol/L Na-butyrate. Data depicted in (C–E) represent mean ± SEM, and is computed from individual traces from three independent experiments, of which representative traces of one experiment are depicted in (A, B). *P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant compared to basal using paired Student’s t-test.
