Table 1 Demographic, clinical and biochemical characteristics of controls and COPD patients.

Age (years)

68 ± 7.6

66.2 ± 6.34

0.116

Sex Male n (%)

108 (65.5%)

29 (59.18%)

0.498

FVC (mL)

2664 ± 810

3435 ± 971

< 0.001

FVC (%)

83.3 ± 69

100 ± 19

< 0.001

FEV1 (mL)

1250 (870–1725)

2610 (2030–2930)

< 0.001

FEV1 (%)

52 (36.5–68)

95 (84–109)

< 0.001

FEV1/FVC

50 (38.6–60.3)

75 (72–78)

< 0.001

Weight (kg)

74.5 ± 16.3

75.92 ± 14

0.579

BMI (kg/m²)

27 (24.1–31.6)

27.5 (25.2–29.76)

0.82

6MWD (m)

427 (330–490)

525 (447–572)

< 0.001

Maximum hand grip strength (kg)

30 (23–38)

31 (25–41)

0.409

FFMI (kg/m²)

18.8 ± 2.9

18.6 ± 1.5

0.802

CAT score

13 (7–19.3)

3 (1–5.25)

< 0.001

Charlson

1 (1–2)

1 (0–2)

0.018

mMRC score 0/I/II/III/IV

42 (25.5)/49 (29.7)/45 (27.3)/29 (17.6)

39 (79.6)/9 (18.4)/1 (2)/0 (0)/0 (0)

< 0.001

Current smokers n (%)

49 (29.7)

21 (42.9)

0.085

Patients with malnutrition n (%)

34 (20.6)

4 (8.1)

0.017

GOLD 1/2/3/4 n (%)

22 (13.3)/69 (41.8)/51 (30.9)/23 (13.9)

–

–

GOLD A/B/C/D n (%)

52 (31.5)/51 (30.9)/13 (7.9)/49 (29.7)

–

–

High risk of exacerbation n (%)

61 (37)

–

–

1 or more admissions in the previous year n (%)

31 (18.8)

–

–

ICS treatment n (%)

86 (52.1)

–

ACO n (%)

60 (36.3)

Diabetes mellitus n (%)

26 (15.7)

8 (16.3)

0.870

Humanin (pg/mL)

246 (69–507)

186 (39–338)

0.037

GDF-15 (pg/mL)

1244 (913–1716)

1050 (736.5–1487.5)

0.013

FGF-21 (pg/mL)

321.9 (176.85–514.05)

242.1 (136.5–396.9)

0.088

Albumin (g/dL)

4.8 ± 0.3

4.78 ± 0.27

0.695

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.83 (0.69–0.96)

0.82(0.7–0.94)

0.975

Uric acid (mg/dL)

6.2 ± 1.88

5.8 ± 1.49

0.149

CK (UI/L)

66 (44–95)

68 (41–93)

0.910