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Figure 1

From: Differential effects of periodontal microbiome on the rheumatoid factor induction during rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis

Figure 1

Periodontitis and the subgingival microbiome in patients with preclinical rheumatoid arthritis (pre-RA), new-onset RA (NORA), and chronic RA. (A) Comparison of periodontal probing depth (PPD) among patients with pre-RA, NORA, and chronic RA (ns: not significant, Kruskal-Wallis test). (B) Beta diversity of the subgingival microbiome between different RA statuses is represented by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plot using UniFrac distance matrix (p = 0.388, PERMANOVA). (C) Comparison of subgingival microbial composition at the phylum level among patients with pre-RA, NORA, and chronic RA (Kruskal-Wallis test). (D) Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis identifies differentially abundant taxa among patients with pre-RA, NORA, and chronic RA. Red bars and a blue bar indicate taxa abundant in pre-RA and chronic RA groups, respectively.

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