Scientific Reports

Table 2 Univariate analyses identifying predictors of maternal–infant attachment (MPAS) and perceived maternal parenting self-efficacy (PMPSE) at 6 weeks and 3 months postpartum.

From: Associations between postpartum pain, mood, and maternal–infant attachment and parenting outcomes

MPAS 6 weeks
Variable (units)	R²	Estimate	Confidence Interval	P-value
Pain right now baseline	0.13	− 2.22	− 4.69 to 0.25	0.08
Pain right now postpartum day 1	0.061	− 1.8	− 3.44 to − 0.16	0.032*
Pain right now 6 weeks	0.009	− 0.92	− 3.19 to 1.34	0.42
STAI baseline	0.02	0.07	− 0.05 to 0.20	0.25
EPDS baseline	0.02	− 0.53	− 1.51 to 0.45	0.28
EPDS 6 weeks	0.10	− 1.24	− 2.07 to − 0.40	0.004*
Epidural use	0.004	1.92	− 5.42 to 9.27	0.64
History of anxiety or depression	0.001	− 2.52	− 10.27 to 5.24	0.52
History of mental illness	0.006	− 2.52	− 10.27 to 5.24	0.52
ER89 baseline	0.001	0.03	− 0.19 to 0.25	0.78
PCS baseline	0.0004	− 0.038	− 0.46 to 0.38	0.86
MSPSS baseline	0.001	− 0.02	− 0.16 to 0.12	0.78
PSS postpartum day 1	0.017	− 0.37	− 1.02 to 0.28	0.26

MPAS 3 months
Variable (units)	R²	Estimate	Confidence Interval	P-value
Pain right now baseline	0.001	− 0.31	− 3.85 to 3.24	0.86
Pain right now postpartum day 1	0.002	0.24	− 1.09 to 1.56	0.72
Pain right now 6 weeks	0.007	0.62	− 1.16 to 2.41	0.49
Pain right now 3 months	0.0004	0.14	− 1.61 to 1.90	0.87
STAI baseline	0.003	0.026	− 0.08 to 0.13	0.62
EPDS baseline	0.07	− 0.88	− 1.62 to − 0.13	0.022*
EPDS 6 weeks	0.007	− 0.25	− 0.94 to 0.44	0.48
EPDS 3 months	0.003	− 0.18	− 0.92 to 0.57	0.64
Epidural use	0.005	− 1.82	− 7.61 to 3.97	0.53
History of anxiety or depression	0.012	− 2.73	− 8.82 to 3.35	0.37
History of mental illness	0.024	− 6.96	− 17.35 to 3.44	0.19
ER89 baseline	0.103	0.239	0.08 to 0.40	0.005*
PCS baseline	0.013	− 0.16	− 0.49 to 0.17	0.33
MSPSS baseline	0.006	0.04	− 0.08 to 0.16	0.5
PSS postpartum day 1	0.083	− 0.064	− 1.12 to − 0.14	0.012*

PMP-SE 6 weeks
Variable (units)	R²	Estimate	Confidence Interval	P-value
Pain right now baseline	0.00	− 0.03	− 5.38 to 5.33	0.99
Pain right now postpartum day 1	0.0002	− 0.18	− 3.05 to 2.69	0.90
Pain right now 6 weeks	0.014	− 1.99	− 5.83 to 1.86	0.31
STAI baseline	0.004	0.06	− 0.16 to 0.27	0.61
EPDS baseline	0.0004	− 0.15	− 1.81 to 1.50	0.86
EPDS 6 weeks	0.023	0.99	− 0.51 to 2.49	0.19
Epidural use	0.002	2.13	− 10.54 to 14.81	0.74
History of anxiety or depression	0.007	4.68	− 8.55 to 17.92	0.48
History of mental illness	0.19	− 16.4	− 40.93 to 8.13	0.19
ER89 baseline	0.012	0.18	− 0.19 to 0.56	0.33
PCS baseline	0.011	0.32	− 0.40 to 1.03	0.38
MSPSS baseline	0.03	0.17	− 0.07 to 0.41	0.16
PSS postpartum day 1	0.0003	0.08	− 1.03 to 1.20	0.89

PMP-SE 3 months
Variable (units)	R²	Estimate	Confidence Interval	P-value
Pain right now baseline	0.001	0.41	− 5.47 to 6.29	0.89
Pain right now postpartum day 1	0.0002	− 0.18	− 3.46 to 3.10	0.91
Pain right now 6 weeks	0.003	1.06	− 3.35 to 5.48	0.63
Pain right now 3 months	0.0001	− 0.20	− 4.96 to 4.57	0.93
STAI baseline	0.018	0.15	− 0.11 to 0.41	0.25
EPDS baseline	0.015	1.00	− 0.91 to 2.90	0.30
EPDS 6 weeks	0.003	0.37	− 1.34 to 2.09	0.67
EPDS 3 months	0.004	− 0.56	− 2.40 to 1.28	0.55
Epidural use	0.005	4.57	− 9.81 to 18.94	0.53
History of anxiety or depression	0.0003	− 1.02	− 16.05 to 14.00	0.89
History of any mental illness	0.0002	− 1.39	− 27.22 to 24.44	0.92
ER89 baseline	0.06	− 0.44	− 0.85 to − 0.02	0.04*
PCS baseline	0.061	0.88	0.08 to 1.68	0.03*
MSPSS baseline	0.003	− 0.07	− 0.35 to 0.22	0.65
PSS postpartum day 1	0.015	0.66	− 0.60 to 1.93	0.30

*P < 0.05.
MPAS maternal parent infant attachment scale, PMP-SE perceived maternal parenting self-efficacy scale, STAI state trait anxiety inventory, EPDS Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, ER89 ego resiliency scale, PCS pain catastrophizing scale, MSPSS multidimensional scale of perceived social support scale, PSS perceived stress scale.

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