Table 2 Milk proteins affected by feed restriction during the H trial (short duration and high intensity: − 66% of DMI for 6 days) (n = 8 Holstein dairy cows) and involved in GO terms related to carbohydrate (A), lipid (B), and protein (C) metabolisms or the immune system (D). Fold change (FC) is the log2 ratio between d 5 and d-2. ∞ represent proteins only found in milk during feed restriction.

A. Carbohydrate metabolism

6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating

PGD

∞

9.62E-05

Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase

ALDOA

∞

1.44E-05

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase

GPI

∞

1.86E-04

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GAPDH

∞

3.14E-07

Hexokinase

HK3

∞

1.32E-03

L-serine dehydratase/L-threonine deaminase

SDS

∞

5.02E-05

Phosphoglycerate kinase 1

PGK1

∞

5.02E-05

Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form

PYGL

∞

9.62E-05

Pyruvate kinase

PKM

5.43

1.01E-11

Alpha-enolase

ENO1

2.84

1.06E-07

Chitinase-3-like protein 1

CHI3L1

1.89

5.29E-08

L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain

LDHB

1.85

6.27E-03

Alpha-lactalbumin

LALBA

 − 1.40

7.44E-03

B. Lipid metabolism

Annexin A1

ANXA1

∞

1.20E-09

Apolipoprotein A-IV

APOA4

∞

7.61E-06

Myeloperoxidase protein

MPO

∞

1.04E-06

Apolipoprotein E

APOE

3.17

7.93E-03

Perilipin

PLIN3

2.00

2.48E-03

Apolipoprotein A-I

APOA1

1.25

4.28E-05

Complement C3

C3

0.82

6.72E-04

Fatty acid synthase

FASN

 − 0.60

4.13E-02

Platelet glycoprotein 4

CD36

 − 0.69

8.70E-03

CIDE-N domain-containing protein

CIDEA

 − 0.97

2.62E-02

Alpha-S1-casein

CSN1S1

 − 1.09

5.82E-03

NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2

NPC2

 − 1.15

1.39E-03

Lipoprotein lipase G

LIPG

 − 1.47

3.65E-03

Lipoprotein lipase

LPL

 − 2.00

2.98E-04

C. Protein metabolism

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GAPDH

∞

3.14E-07

Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha

HSP90AA1

∞

1.04E-06

Leukocyte elastase inhibitor

SERPINB1

∞

5.03E-08

Myosin heavy chain 9

MYH9

∞

1.44E-05

Protein S100-A8

S100A8

∞

2.70E-05

SERPIN domain-containing protein

LOC786410

∞

9.03E-08

Pyruvate kinase

PKM

5.43

1.01E-11

Apolipoprotein E

APOE

3.17

7.93E-03

Antithrombin-III

SERPINC1

2.96

2.23E-07

Alpha-enolase

ENO1

2.84

1.06E-07

Alpha-1-antiproteinase

SERPINA1

2.46

6.78E-07

Fibronectin

FN1

2.25

1.18E-05

C4a anaphylatoxin

C4A

2.21

1.89E-16

Chitinase-3-like protein 1

CHI3L1

1.89

5.29E-08

Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein

AHSG

1.74

9.08E-04

Gelsolin

GSN

1.44

1.51E-05

Moesin

MSN

1.40

1.59E-02

Serpin A3-6

SERPINA3-6

1.26

3.62E-03

Apolipoprotein A-I

APOA1

1.25

4.28E-05

Serpin A3-2

SERPINA3-2

1.08

1.89E-03

Serpin A3-7

SERPINA3-7

1.01

1.89E-04

Serpin A3-3

SERPINA3-3

0.92

2.81E-02

Complement C3

C3

0.82

6.72E-04

Clusterin

CLU

0.81

2.67E-02

Factor XIIa inhibitor

281,035

0.80

5.84E-03

Alpha-2-macroglobulin

A2M

0.76

7.44E-03

Serpin G1

SERPING1

0.73

8.30E-03

Lactotransferrin

LTF

0.63

1.30E-16

Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4

ITIH4

0.59

2.56E-02

Metalloproteinase inhibitor 3

TIMP3

 − 0.62

3.46E-02

Pigment epithelium-derived factor

SERPINF1

 − 0.67

3.18E-02

Peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase A

PPIA

 − 0.81

2.17E-03

Lipoprotein lipase G

LIPG

 − 1.47

3.65E-03

D. Immune system

Alpha-actinin-1

ACTN1

∞

5.02E-05

Annexin A1

ANXA1

∞

1.20E-09

Apolipoprotein A-IV

APOA4

∞

7.61E-06

Cathelicidin-4

CATHL4

∞

6.85E-04

Coronin-1A

CORO1A

∞

3.96E-06

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase

GPI

∞

1.86E-04

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GAPDH

∞

3.14E-07

Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form

PYGL

∞

9.62E-05

Haptoglobin

HP

∞

1.85E-11

Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha

HSP90AA1

∞

1.04E-06

Ig-like domain-containing protein

ENSBTAG00000048030

∞

1.32E-03

Ig-like domain-containing protein

ENSBTAG00000050586

∞

2.70E-05

LRRCT domain-containing protein

LRG1

∞

9.62E-05

Myeloperoxidase

MPO

∞

1.04E-06

Myosin heavy chain 9

MYH9

∞

1.44E-05

Protein S100-A8

S100A8

∞

2.70E-05

Prothrombin

F2

∞

5.03E-08

Histone H2B type 1

VGNC:83,556

3.46

2.40E-03

Apolipoprotein E

APOE

3.17

7.93E-03

Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1

PGLYRP1

3.17

7.83E-06

Complement component C9

C9

2.93

3.65E-07

Cathelicidin-1

CATHL1

2.81

1.73E-06

Fibronectin

FN1

2.25

1.18E-05

C4a anaphylatoxin

C4A

2.21

1.89E-16

Chitinase-3-like protein 1

CHI3L1

1.89

5.29E-08

Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein

AHSG

1.74

9.08E-04

Serotransferrin

TF

1.52

8.02E-28

Gelsolin

GSN

1.44

1.51E-05

Moesin

MSN

1.40

1.59E-02

Apolipoprotein A-I

APOA1

1.25

4.28E-05

Actin, cytoplasmic 2

ACTG1

1.14

5.04E-06

Lipocln_cytosolic_FA-bd_dom domain-containing protein

LCN2

1.08

1.63E-03

Ig-like domain-containing protein

ENSBTAG00000054702

1.04

7.44E-03

Ig-like domain-containing protein

ENSBTAG00000050373

0.92

2.86E-02

Complement C3

C3

0.82

6.72E-04

Clusterin

CLU

0.81

2.67E-02

Factor XIIa inhibitor

281,035

0.80

5.84E-03

Ig-like domain-containing protein

ENSBTAG00000050515

0.78

3.10E-02

SERPIN domain-containing protein

SERPING1

0.73

8.30E-03

Lactoperoxidase

LPO

0.66

2.58E-04

Fibrinogen beta chain

FGB

0.65

7.56E-03

Lactotransferrin

LTF

0.63

1.30E-16

Complement factor B

CFB

0.60

7.44E-03

Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4

ITIH4

0.59

2.56E-02

Gamma-glutamyltransferase 1

GGT1

 − 0.62

7.44E-03

Platelet glycoprotein 4

CD36

 − 0.69

8.70E-03

Peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase A

PPIA

 − 0.81

2.17E-03

Cytokeratin-1

KRT1

 − 1.36

5.99E-03

Alpha-S2-casein

CSN1S2

 − 5.06

3.63E-02