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Figure 1

From: Antiphase response of the Indonesian–Australian monsoon to millennial-scale events of the last glacial period

Figure 1

Location of Liang Luar, Flores, and the distribution of annual rainfall. (a) Liang Luar (yellow star) and other stalagmite δ18O records (white stars) discussed in the text (Dongge in China, Snail Shell Cave in Malaysian Borneo, Ball Gown Cave in Australia). Map shows mean annual sea surface temperatures (ERA-Interim 1979–201957 via Ref.58). Black contour denotes the −120 m isobath and the approximate coastline during the Last Glacial Maximum. Coloured lines show 96-h back trajectories from 12:00 UTC on days of rainfall on Flores during 2011 using Global Assimilation System (GDAS) data and the NOAA HySplit Model59. Red trajectories indicate moisture from the Java Sea (IASM), blue trajectories from the Timor Sea and green trajectories from the Indian Ocean. (b) Daily rainfall totals for 2011, colour coded to source location as above. Rainfall data was from the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and extracted using the Giovanni program60. Map was created using MATLAB_R2019a.

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