Figure 2
From: Vitamin D enhances type I IFN signaling in COVID-19 patients
Increased IFNα/β signaling in blood of VitD treated COVID-19 patients. (A–C) The mRNA and protein levels of VDR in whole blood of VitD treated (cholecalciferol was administrated as 50,000 IU weekly) and untreated COVID-19 patients. (D–J) The mRNA and/or protein levels of RNA cytosolic sensing proteins, such as RIG-1, MDA5, and p-IRF3 in whole blood of VitD treated and untreated COVID-19 patients. (K) The plasma levels of IFNα in VitD treated and VitD untreated COVID-19 patients. (L–Q) Protein levels of p-STAT1, p-STAT2, and p-JAK1 in blood of VitD treated and VitD untreated COVID-19 patients. (R–X) The mRNA and/or protein levels of IRF3 and ISGs such as MX-1 and ISG-15 in blood of VitD treated and VitD untreated COVID-19 patients. The whole blood of VitD treated (n = 9; 6 males and 3 females) and untreated COVID-19 patients (n = 9; 6 males and 3 females) were randomly chosen from cohorts of VitD treated (n = 43; 36 males and 7 females) or untreated (n = 37; 27 males and 10 females) COVID-19 patients. Statistic test: comparison was done using unpaired t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, depending on the skewness of the data. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
