Figure 3
From: Vitamin D enhances type I IFN signaling in COVID-19 patients
Increased IFNα/β signaling in saliva of VitD treated COVID-19 patients. (A–C) The mRNA and protein levels of VDR in saliva of VitD treated (cholecalciferol was administrated as 50,000 IU weekly) and untreated COVID-19 patients. (D–J) The mRNA levels of RNA cytosolic sensing proteins, such as RIG-1, MDA5, and p-IRF3 in saliva of VitD treated and untreated COVID-19 patients. (K–P) Protein levels of p-STAT1, p-STAT2, and p-JAK1 in saliva of VitD treated and VitD untreated COVID-19 patients. (Q–V) The mRNA levels of ISGs such as MX-1 and ISG-15 in saliva of VitD treated and VitD untreated COVID-19 patients. The saliva of VitD treated (n = 5; 3 males and 2 females) and untreated COVID-19 patients (n = 4; 2 males and 2 females) were randomly chosen from cohorts of VitD treated (n = 43; 36 males and 7 females) or untreated (n = 37; 27 males and 10 females) COVID-19 patients. Statistic test: comparison was done using unpaired t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, depending on the skewness of the data. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
