Figure 3 | Scientific Reports

Figure 3

From: Heterogeneity of treatment effect of interferon-β1b and lopinavir–ritonavir in patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome by cytokine levels

Figure 3The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Forest plot demonstrating the association of interferon-β1b and lopinavir–ritonavir treatment on 90-day mortality in patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome categorized into two subgroups of early and late treatment and according to higher and lower levels of each of the cytokines using the upper tertile (67%) as a cutoff point. The results are displayed as relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CI), and p-values. Additionally, p-values for the interactions are reported. Plasma cytokine concentrations are expressed in pg/ml. There was heterogeneity of treatment effect on 90-day-mortality according to the level of IL-2, IL-8 and IL-13 as demonstrated by testing for interaction (p-value for interaction = 0.09, 0.07, and 0.05, respectively) while the interaction was were not significant for other cytokines (p > 0.1). G-CSF: granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; MCP: Monocyte chemo-attractant protein; MIP: Macrophage inflammatory protein; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.

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