Table 1 Demographic and significant characteristic differences between SHS and NSHS.
Demographic characteristic | Respondents (No. %) | χ2 /T- Test | Crude odds ratio (COR) | Adjusted odds ratio (AOR)* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | SHS | NSHS | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | ||
Gender | Female | 249 (53) | 189 (55) | 60 (50) | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Male | 217 (47) | 157 (45) | 60 (50) | 0.38 | 1.20 | 0.79–1.82 | 0.38 | 1.33 | 0.85–2.08 | 0.22 | |
Age | Mean^ | 41.2 | 41.0 | 41.7 | 0.60 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.87 | 1.01 | 0.95–1.07 | 0.86 |
31–40 years old | 121 (35) | 43 (36) | < 0.01 | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | ||
21–30 years old | 81 (23) | 17 (14) | 1.69 | 0.90–3.17 | 0.10 | 1.23 | 0.64–2.38 | 0.54 | |||
41–50 years old | 57 (17) | 36 (30) | 3.01 | 1.54–5.87 | < 0.01 | 2.50 | 1.25–5.03 | 0.01 | |||
> 50 years old | 87 (25) | 24 (20) | 1.31 | 0.66–2.62 | 0.44 | 1.78 | 0.86–3.70 | 0.12 | |||
Ethnicity | Chinese | 324 (70) | 237 (68) | 87 (72) | 0.09 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | – | |
Malay | 52 (11) | 45 (13) | 7 (6) | 0.42 | 0.18–0.98 | 0.043 | 0.41 | 0.17–0.98 | 0.04 | ||
Indians and others | 90 (19) | 64 (19) | 26 (22) | 1.11 | 0.66–1.86 | 0.70 | 0.87 | 0.50–1.54 | 0.64 | ||
Educational level | Post-Secondary | 423 (91) | 307 (89) | 116 (97) | 0.01 | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Up to Secondary school | 43 (9) | 39 (11) | 4 (3) | 0.27 | 0.09–0.78 | 0.015 | 0.22 | 0.07–0.65 | < 0.01 | ||
Marital Status | Married | 240 (51) | 159 (46) | 81 (67) | < 0.01 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | – | |
Single | 213 (46) | 177 (51) | 36 (30) | 0.40 | 0.26–0.62 | < 0.01 | 0.59 | 0.33–1.03 | 0.06 | ||
Divorcee/Widow/ Widower | 13 (3) | 10 (3) | 3 (3) | 0.59 | 0.16–2.20 | 0.43 | 1.37 | 0.31–5.94 | 0.68 | ||
Employment Status | Working | 375 (80) | 282 (81) | 93 (77) | 0.34 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | – | |
Non-working | 91 (20) | 64 (19) | 27 (23) | 1.28 | 0.77–2.12 | 0.34 | 1.31 | 0.76–2.28 | 0.33 | ||
Housing Type | HDB & Rental Blocks | 338 (73) | 266 (77) | 72 (60) | < 0.01 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | – | |
Condominium | 93 (20) | 51 (15) | 42 (35) | 3.04 | 1.87–4.94 | < 0.01 | 1.99 | 1.17–3.39 | 0.01 | ||
Landed | 35 (7) | 29 (8) | 6 (5) | 0.76 | 0.31 –1.91 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.24–1.67 | 0.36 | ||
Years staying in house | More than 10 | 237 (51) | 202 (59) | 35 (29) | < 0.01 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | – | |
5 to 10 | 83 (18) | 57 (16) | 26 (22) | 2.63 | 1.46–4.73 | < 0.01 | 2.60 | 1.42–4.75 | < 0.01 | ||
2 to 5 | 146 (31) | 87 (25) | 59 (49) | 3.91 | 2.40–6.38 | < 0.01 | 4.10 | 2.44–6.88 | < 0.01 | ||
Gross monthly income ($) | > 7,000 | 231 (49) | 158 (46) | 73 (61) | 0.01 | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
3,000–6,999 | 161 (35) | 127 (37) | 34 (28) | 0.58 | 0.36–0.93 | 0.02 | 0.83 | 0.50–1.38 | 0.48 | ||
< 3,000 | 74 (16) | 61 (17) | 13 (11) | 0.46 | 0.24–0.89 | 0.02 | 0.76 | 0.36–1.57 | 0.46 | ||
People staying in house | 3–4 people | 245 (53) | 186 (54) | 59 (49) | 0.05 | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
5 or more | 128 (27) | 100 (29) | 28 (23) | 0.88 | 0.53–1.47 | 0.63 | 0.72 | 0.42–1.25 | 0.25 | ||
1–2 people | 93 (20) | 60 (17) | 33 (28) | 1.73 | 1.04–2.90 | 0.037 | 1.31 | 0.75–2.29 | 0.35 | ||
Hours at home (2020, weekends) | Mean^ | 17.5 | 17.2 | 18.3 | 0.03 | 1.05 | 1.01–1.10 | 0.03 | 1.04 | 0.99–1.10 | 0.09 |
> 12 h | 382 (82) | 279 (81) | 103 (86) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | ||
≤ 12 h | 84 (18) | 67 (19) | 17 (14) | 0.69 | 0.39–1.23 | 0.20 | 0.75 | 0.41–1.39 | 0.37 | ||
Hours air conditioning (weekends) | Mean^ | 6.2 | 5.9 | 7.2 | 0.03 | 1.04 | 1.00–1.08 | 0.03 | 1.01 | 0.97–1.06 | 0.48 |
≤ 12 h | 419 (90) | 317 (92) | 102 (85) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | ||
> 12 h | 47 (10) | 29 (8) | 18 (15) | 1.93 | 1.03–3.62 | 0.04 | 1.36 | 0.70–2.67 | 0.36 | ||
