Table 1 Oxygen uptake (\( {\dot{\text{V}}}{\text{O}}_{2} \)) kinetic parameters during moderate-intensity constant-load exercise before (Pre), 4 weeks after (Mid), and 8 weeks after (Post) cycle training with (BFR group) or without (CON group) blood flow restriction (BFR).

			Pre			Mid				Post				Main effect		Interaction
			Pre			Mid				Post				Time	Group	Interaction
\( {\dot{\text{V}}}{\text{O}}_{2} \),BL	(mL/min)	BFR	315.05	±	13.76	325.23	±	12.92		323.43	±	13.04		P < 0.01 η_p² = 0.28	P = 0.10 η_p² = 0.17	P = 0.25 η_p² = 0.09
\( {\dot{\text{V}}}{\text{O}}_{2} \),BL	(mL/min)	CON	317.70	±	13.79	311.09	±	9.28		295.47	±	12.12		P < 0.01 η_p² = 0.28	P = 0.10 η_p² = 0.17	P = 0.25 η_p² = 0.09
\(\Delta{\dot{\text{V}}}{\text{O}}{2}\),fast	(mL/min)	BFR	1084.66	±	30.71	1045.53	±	36.17		1063.13	±	32.29		P = 0.14 η_p² = 0.13	P = 0.46 η_p² = 0.04	P = 0.57 η_p² = 0.03
\(\Delta{\dot{\text{V}}}{\text{O}}{2}\),fast	(mL/min)	CON	1151.77	±	44.89	1072.19	±	45.02		1074.56	±	37.71		P = 0.14 η_p² = 0.13	P = 0.46 η_p² = 0.04	P = 0.57 η_p² = 0.03
\( {\dot{\text{V}}}{\text{O}}_{2} \),fast	(mL/min)	BFR	1399.71	±	42.62	1370.77	±	46.25		1386.56	±	33.22		P < 0.05 η_p² = 0.21	P = 0.38 η_p² = 0.05	P = 0.42 η_p² = 0.05
\( {\dot{\text{V}}}{\text{O}}_{2} \),fast	(mL/min)	CON	1469.47	±	50.92	1383.28	±	49.32		1370.03	±	45.54		P < 0.05 η_p² = 0.21	P = 0.38 η_p² = 0.05	P = 0.42 η_p² = 0.05
TD	(s)	BFR	7.52	±	6.22	18.35	±	1.40	*	18.50	±	1.26	*	P < 0.01 η_p² = 0.88	P = 0.24 η_p² = 0.09	P = 0.25 η_p² = 0.09
TD	(s)	CON	12.08	±	2.24	14.83	±	1.02	*	18.01	±	1.94	*	P < 0.01 η_p² = 0.88	P = 0.24 η_p² = 0.09	P = 0.25 η_p² = 0.09
95%CI for τ	(s)	BFR	6.88	±	0.71	6.65	±	0.91		6.74	±	0.52		P = 0.18 η_p² = 0.108	P = 0.78 η_p² = 0.005	P = 0.96 η_p² = 0.003
95%CI for τ	(s)	CON	6.93	±	0.52	6.50	±	0.60		6.44	±	0.89		P = 0.18 η_p² = 0.108	P = 0.78 η_p² = 0.005	P = 0.96 η_p² = 0.003

\( {\dot{\text{V}}}{\text{O}}_{2} \),BL, baseline of \( {\dot{\text{V}}}{\text{O}}_{2} \); \( \Delta {\dot{\text{V}}}{\text{O}} {2} \),fast, asymptotic amplitude of the fast component (the increase in \( {\dot{\text{V}}}{\text{O}}_{2} \) from the baseline to the asymptote of the fast component); \( {\dot{\text{V}}}{\text{O}}_{2} \),fast, absolute asymptotic amplitude of the fast component (the sum of the baseline and the asymptotic amplitude); TD, delay time; 95% CI for τ, 95% confidence interval for phase II time constant. Statistical analysis was performed using a repeated-measures two-way analysis of covariance followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparisons test. Partial eta squared (η_p²) is the effect size of the interaction and main effects of group and time. Values are expressed as mean ± SE (n = 9).
*Significant difference from pre-training (pre) (P < 0.05).

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