Table 1 Definitions of the emotion regulation and cognitive appraisals included in this study.

Emotion regulation

Emotion suppression

Inhibiting the outward expression of an emotion¹⁹

Emotional control values

Modulating one's own emotional experiences and expressions⁵⁸

Psychological flexibility

Foundations traced to the tenants of Eastern philosophy and includes less rigid dominance of psychological reactions over chosen values and contingencies in guiding action^23,63

Brooding rumination

Dwelling on the causes, consequences and meanings of negative emotions¹⁹

Interpersonal emotion Regulation

Using interpersonal relationships, or other people's presence while changing one's emotional state⁶²

Difficulties in Emotion regulation

Difficulties in being able to regulate emotions¹⁰

Appraisals

Primary control

Direct attempts to change one's current situation⁶⁴

Secondary control

Attempts to change some aspect of the self and accept current circumstances⁶⁴

Negative self

General negative view of the self⁶⁵

Negative world

Negative appraisals about the world and mistrust of others⁶⁵

Self-blame

Appraisals that the trauma happened because of the individual⁶⁵

Fatalism

Acceptance of the situation and the belief that destinies are ruled by an unseen power^66,67

Cultural beliefs about adversity

Beliefs which emphasize the positive value of adversity, people’s capacity to overcome adversity and people’s inability to change adversity and its negative impacts³³

External appraisals

Challenges to beliefs and belonging³⁵

Communal self

Dysfunctional appraisals about communal aspects of self and relationships³⁵

Social/cultural self

Trauma leading to disintegration in one’s cultural/social roles³⁵