Table 2 Sample characteristics and group differences.

Age

40.83 (11.22)

37.04 (10.73)

t(205) = 2.48, p = 0.01

Gender Men:Women

57:47

56:46

χ² (N = 207, df = 1) = 0.004, p = 0.95

Education^a

24:17:54:8:1

13:4:58:24:2

χ² (N = 207, df = 5) = 18.32, p < 0.01

Independent

4.92 (0.82)

4.74 (0.85)

t(205) = 1.55, p = 0.06 (one-tailed)

Interdependent

4.59 (0.87)

4.57 (0.91)

t(205) = 0.21, p = 0.42 (one-tailed)

Trauma type*

43:15:11:10:1:6:18

30:10:18:10:3:14:17

χ² (N = 207, df = 6) = 9.89, p = .13

Time since trauma (years)

9.13 (1.13)

9.38 (1.07)

t(205) = 21.60, p = 0.11

PTSD symptoms

41.28 (20.49)

38.50 (17.16)

t(205) = 1.06, p = 0.29

Anxiety symptoms

8.27 (5.22)

7.48 (4.56)

t(205) = 1.16, p = 0.25

Depression Symptoms

6.62 (4.74)

5.58 (4.35)

t(205) = 1.65, p = 0.10

Emotion regulation

Difficulties in emotion regulation

38.93 (15.29)

37.11 (13.50)

F(1,201) = 2.88, p = 0.09, η² = 0.01

Emotional control

37.60 (6.99)

37.21 (5.610

F(1,201) = 0.28, p = 0.60, η² = 0.001

Trauma-related rumination

26.68 (11.15)

22.33 (10.58)

F(1,201) = 9.63, p = 0.002, η² = 0.05

Rumination (Brood)

13.11 (6.10)

12.77 (6.28)

F(1,201) = 1.72, p = 0.19, η² = 0.01

Suppression

15.38 (5.52)

16.42 (5.12)

F(1,201) = 2.66, p = 0.10, η² = 0.01

Psychological Inflexibility

24.94 (12.63)

22.24 (11.07)

F(1,201) = 6.02, p = 0.02, η² = 0.03

IERQ

Wilks’ Lambda = 0.92, F(4, 198) = 4.62, p = 0.001, η² = 0.09

Positive affect

17.37 (4.84)

16.33 (5.17)

F(1, 201) = 1.91, p = 0.17, η² = 0.01

Perspective

12.76 (5.12)

12.45 (5.38)

F(1, 201) = 0.13, p = 0.72, η² = 0.001

Soothing

15.36 (5.71)

12.81 (5.73)

F(1,201) = 12.22, p = 0.001, η² = 0.06

Social modelling

15.37 (5.01)

15.24 (5.11)

F(1, 201) = 0.38, p = 0.54, η² = 0.002

Cognitive appraisals

Primary control

33.90 (13.94)

35.27 (12.87)

F(1, 201) = 0.47, p = 0.50, η² = 0.002

Secondary control

51.67 (11.47)

53.76 (10.06)

F(1, 201) = 4.00, p = 0.047, η² = 0.02

Pessimism

12.62 (3.89)

13.18 (3.56)

F(1, 201) = 3.66, p = 0.057, η² = 0.02

Non-judgemental

5.50 (2.16)

5.14 (2.01)

F(1, 201) = 0.61, p = 0.44, η² = 0.003

Cultural beliefs about adversity

33.14 (6.16)

35.31 (5.94)

F(1,201) = 10.14, p = 0.002, η² = 0.05

Trauma related cognitions

Wilks’ Lambda = 0.89, F(3, 199) = 7.99, p < 0.001, η² = 0.11

Negative self

59.08 (35.46)

51.26 (28.45)

F(1, 201) = 6.26, p = 0.01, η² = 0.03

Negative world

26.19 (12.32)

29.46 (11.13)

F(1, 201) = 1.80, p = 0.18, η² = 0.01

Self-blame

13.44 (8.76)

12.01 (6.84)

F(1, 201) = 3.15, p = 0.08, η² = 0.02

Public and communal self

Wilks’ Lambda = 0.97, F(3, 199) = 2.38, p = 0.07, η² = 0.04

External

19.11 (10.04)

18.17 (8.88)

F(1, 201) = 2.13, p = 0.15, η² = 0.01

Communal

26.38 (12.10)

23.53 (11.23)

F(1, 201) = 6.28, p = 0.01, η² = 0.03

Social/cultural

23.84 (11.19)

21.33 (8.88)

F(1, 201) = 4.80, p = 0.03, η² = 0.02