Figure 1

Flow chart of experimental study (see explanation in Supplementary Materials and Methods). Acronyms include: SWL shock wave lithotripsy, PCNL percutaneous nephrolithotomy, CT, computed tomography, RL reflected light, BF brightfield, POL polarization, RAC ring aperture contrast, PC phase contrast, T-PMT transmitted light photomultiplier tube, CAF confocal autofluorescence, SRAF super-resolution autofluorescence, and ×10, ×20, ×63 microscope objective magnification.