Table 3 Perioperative complications according to the modified Clavien classification system.

Grade I

16 (51.6%)

Postoperative pain managed by opioid with adjunct analgesic regimen

6

Postoperative fever (> 38.0 °C) managed by observation without antibiotics

6

Bladder retention without blood clot that requires bladder catheterization

1

Urine leakage managed by watchful waiting

2

Bleeding that requires a single episode of nephrostomy clamping

1

Grade II

9 (29.0%)

Bleeding requiring blood transfusion

4

Symptomatic UTI managed using antibiotics

3

Minor atelectasis requiring medical management

2

Grade IIIa

4 (12.9%)

Febrile UTI or suspected sepsis without organ failure requiring supportive therapy and enhanced monitoring

1

Colon perforation managed conservatively using controlled colocutaneous fistula

1

Hemothorax managed by intercostal draining under local anaesthesia

1

Ureteric clot obstruction managed by ureteric stenting without general anaesthesia

1

Grade IIIb

1 (3.2%)

Bleeding managed by angioembolization

1

Grade IVb

1 (3.2%)

Urosepsis with multiple organ failure requiring ICU management

1

Grade V

0

Any complication leading to death

0

Total complications

31 complications in 25 pts (13.3%)