Table 4 Asian proportion estimates overall, by phase, multi-institutional status, tier assessment, masking, and year.

From: Demographic recruitment bias of adults in United States randomized clinical trials by disease categories between 2008 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis

 

Frequency (%), studies

Total number of participants

Estimated proportion (95% CI)

P-value compared to reference category (*)

P-value compared to

2010 Census proportion (91.3%)

\({I}^{2}\)(%)

Asian

Overall

–

–

1.27% (1.13–1.42)

–

 < 0.0001

91.3%

Phase

II*

1094 (68.9%)

103,813

1.27% (1.10–1.45)

–

 < .0001

91.3%

III

495 (31.2%)

220,155

1.27% (1.04–1.52)

0.979

 < .0001

Institution status

Single*

682 (42.9%)

102,520

1.18% (0.96–1.41)

–

 < .0001

91.2%

Multi-institutional

907 (57.1%)

221,448

1.33% (1.15–1.52)

0.308

 < .0001

Tier assessment

1*

824 (51.9%)

57,943

1.05% (0.87–1.26)

–

 < .0001

91.2%

2

765 (48.1%)

266,025

1.47% (1.27–1.68)

0.0045

 < .0001

Masking

No masking*

341 (21.5%)

55,000

1.16% (0.88–1.47)

–

 < .0001

91.0%

Single

107 (6.73%)

22,081

0.78% (0.40–1.28)

0.218

 < .0001

Double

389 (24.5%)

79,017

1.50% (1.20–1.83)

0.119

 < .0001

Triple

287 (18.1%)

72,527

1.65% (1.29–2.05)

0.0447

 < .0001

Quadruple

465 (29.3%)

95,343

1.08% (0.85–1.34)

0.709

 < .0001

Study start year

2008*

121 (7.61%)

35,685

1.19% (0.75–1.73)

–

 < .0001

90.8%

2009

156 (9.82%)

30,239

0.95% (0.60–1.38)

0.438

 < .0001

2010

134 (8.43%)

45,381

0.81% (0.47–1.25)

0.226

 < .0001

2011

145 (9.13%)

17,765

0.88% (0.53–1.32)

0.332

 < .0001

2012

159 (10.0%)

29,668

1.37% (0.94–1.88)

0.616

 < .0001

2013

189 (11.9%)

32,347

1.24% (0.86–1.69)

0.534

 < .0001

2014

169 (10.6%)

25,349

1.32% (0.91–1.80)

0.715

 < .0001

2015

177 (11.1%)

29,085

1.45% (1.02–1.95)

0.460

 < .0001

2016

150 (9.44%)

41,432

1.65% (1.17–2.20)

0.216

 < .0001

2017

128 (8.06%)

23,619

1.96% (1.38–2.64)

0.0585

 < .0001

2018

47 (2.96%)

10,243

1.57% (0.78–2.62)

0.465

 < .0001

2019

14 (0.88%)

3155

1.55% (0.30–3.77)

0.683

0.0051

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