Table 1 Distribution of outdoor artificial light at night, air pollution, and birth characteristics in the California Linkage Study of Early-Onset Cancers.
Case | Control | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 2782 | %* | n = 139,100 | %* | |
Light at night (mcd/m2) | ||||
1st tertile | 910 | 32.7 | 46,321 | 33.3 |
2nd tertile | 900 | 32.4 | 46,478 | 33.4 |
3rd tertile | 972 | 34.9 | 46,301 | 33.3 |
Median (IQR) | 3.27 (1.83–5.92) | 3.28 (1.85–5.70) | ||
Average PM2.5 (µg/m3) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 12.81 (3.88) | 12.65 (3.88) | ||
Census block group below 150% poverty | ||||
1st tertile | 919 | 33.0 | 46,297 | 33.3 |
2nd tertile | 904 | 32.5 | 46,435 | 33.4 |
3rd tertile | 958 | 34.4 | 46,300 | 33.3 |
Unknown | 1 | 0.04 | 68 | 0.05 |
Sex | ||||
Female | 1244 | 44.7 | 68,108 | 49.0 |
Male | 1538 | 55.3 | 70,992 | 51.0 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 705 | 25.3 | 36,417 | 26.2 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 89 | 3.2 | 7610 | 5.5 |
Hispanic | 1656 | 59.5 | 76,196 | 54.8 |
Non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander | 280 | 10.1 | 16,643 | 12.0 |
Other | 52 | 1.9 | 2234 | 1.6 |
Birth weight (grams) | ||||
250–2499 | 140 | 5.0 | 9042 | 6.5 |
2500–2999 | 420 | 15.1 | 23,112 | 16.6 |
3000–3499 | 1063 | 38.2 | 54,466 | 39.2 |
3500–3999 | 855 | 30.7 | 39,866 | 28.7 |
4000 + | 304 | 10.9 | 12,614 | 9.1 |
Gestational age (weeks) | ||||
37–41 | 286 | 10.3 | 13,790 | 9.9 |
22–36 | 2200 | 79.1 | 110,499 | 79.4 |
42–44 | 153 | 5.5 | 7270 | 5.2 |
Unknown | 143 | 5.1 | 7541 | 5.4 |
Birth plurality | ||||
Singleton | 2695 | 96.9 | 134,946 | 97.0 |
Multiple | 87 | 3.1 | 4154 | 3.0 |
Birth order | ||||
1st | 1063 | 38.2 | 54,201 | 39.0 |
2nd | 890 | 32.0 | 44,104 | 31.7 |
3rd and higher | 829 | 29.8 | 40,795 | 29.3 |
Mode of delivery | ||||
Vaginal | 1867 | 67.1 | 98,178 | 70.6 |
C-section | 915 | 32.9 | 40,922 | 29.4 |
Year of birth | ||||
2000–2003 | 1025 | 36.8 | 51,250 | 36.8 |
2004–2007 | 892 | 32.1 | 44,600 | 32.1 |
2008–2015 | 865 | 31.1 | 43,250 | 31.1 |
Maternal age (years) | ||||
< 20 | 234 | 8.4 | 12,966 | 9.3 |
20–24 | 563 | 20.2 | 31,316 | 22.5 |
25–29 | 737 | 26.5 | 36,553 | 26.3 |
30–34 | 713 | 25.6 | 34,376 | 24.7 |
≥ 35 | 535 | 19.2 | 23,889 | 17.2 |
Maternal education | ||||
Up to 8 years | 234 | 8.4 | 13,485 | 9.7 |
9–11 years | 460 | 16.5 | 24,000 | 17.3 |
12 years | 753 | 27.1 | 36,400 | 26.2 |
13–15 years | 604 | 21.7 | 29,008 | 20.9 |
16 or more years | 650 | 23.4 | 32,452 | 23.3 |
Unknown | 81 | 2.9 | 3755 | 2.7 |
Mother's place of birth | ||||
US | 1290 | 46.4 | 62,090 | 44.6 |
Foreign | 1492 | 53.6 | 77,010 | 55.4 |
Miscarriage/stillbirth | ||||
Never | 2269 | 81.6 | 114,918 | 82.6 |
Ever | 513 | 18.4 | 24,139 | 17.4 |
Unknown | 0 | 43 | 0.03 | |
Maternal complication during pregnancy | ||||
Never | 2180 | 78.4 | 109,098 | 78.4 |
Ever | 602 | 21.6 | 29,993 | 21.6 |
Unknown | 0 | 9 | 0.01 | |
Previous C-section | ||||
Never | 2390 | 85.9 | 120,489 | 86.6 |
Ever | 392 | 14.1 | 18,611 | 13.4 |
Paternal age (years) | ||||
< 25 | 455 | 16.4 | 26,200 | 18.8 |
25–29 | 620 | 22.3 | 30,717 | 22.1 |
30–34 | 727 | 26.1 | 33,702 | 24.2 |
35–39 | 491 | 17.6 | 23,278 | 16.7 |
≥ 40 | 313 | 11.3 | 15,356 | 11.0 |
Unknown | 176 | 6.3 | 9847 | 7.1 |
