Figure 3

Effects of LA against viral replication in vitro. (A) Pre-treatment effect of increasing concentrations of LA on HCoV-OC43 replication. (B) Concurrent effect of increasing concentrations of LA on HCoV-OC43 replication. (C) Post-treatment effect of increasing concentrations of LA on HCoV-OC43 replication. (D) Effect of concurrent application of single 75 µg/ml concentration of LA and different concentrations of HCoV-OC43 virus. (E) Effect of increasing concentrations of LA on ACE2 expression at protein level. The effect against RdRp activity was determined by measurement of viral particles in conditioning media of MRC-5 cells by RT-qPCR and represented as viral copies/ml. The effect on ACE2 expression was determined in A549 cells by Western blot. Data are presented as mean + / − SD; control – cells exposed to virus and 0.05% DMSO, positive control – 100% dead cells, i.e., cells that were exposed to 100% of DMSO and additionally to UV for 30 min, LA linoleic acid; # p ≤ 0.05, ∆ p ≤ 0.01, * p ≤ 0.001.