Table 3 Summary of previously published nanofiltration membranes composed of Al₂O₃-NPs.

Polyamide/mesoporous γ-Al₂O₃NPs

Aqueous sol–gel (Surfactant-template)

Interfacial polymerization

60.00/20.40

194.17

98.2, Na₂SO₄

Current work

α-alumina/γ-alumina/γ-alumina-titania ceramic

Aqueous sol–gel

Dip-coating

55.00/3800

 − 98.55

67.62%,Cl

²⁶

γ-Al₂O₃ film-coated porous α-Al₂O₃ hollow fiber

Aqueous sol–gel

Dip-coating

20.00/na

n.a

92%, Na

²⁵

Polyamide/ γ-alumina

Aqueous sol–gel (Green synthesized via camphor extract)

Interfacial polymerization

78.75/30.24

160.42

96.5, Na₂SO₄

³³

PDA/PEI/Al₂O₃

Hydrothermal

Co-deposition

21.00/80.00

 − 75

 > 91%, divalent cations

²⁴

CTA/Al₂O₃

Commercial

Phase inversion

85.20/74.40

14.52

99.8%, NaCl

²⁷

TA-γ-AlOOH/PES

Aqueous sol–gel

Phase inversion

111.00/16.50

572.72

97.3%, dye

⁹⁹

Poly(piperazineamide)/Al(OH)₃

Commercial

Interfacial polymerization

39.0/25.24

54.52

97.1, Na₂SO₄

⁶⁷

Polyamide/Al₂O₃

Aqueous sol–gel

Interfacial polymerization

5.00/2.80

78.57

88%, NaCl

²³