Table 5 Analysis of potentially associated factors with tinnitus.
From: Prevalence and associated risk factors of tinnitus among adult Palestinians: a cross-sectional study
Characteristics | Tinnitus yes (n = 189) | Tinnitus no (n = 429) | Univariate analysis: crude OR (95%CI) | Multivariate analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency (%) | Frequency (%) | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | ||
Sex | |||||
Male* | 72 (25.4) | 212 (74.6) | 1 | 1.1 | 0.73–1.7 |
Female | 117 (35.0) | 217 (65.0) | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | ||
Age | |||||
< 40 years* | 104 (25.5) | 304 (74.5) | 1 |  |  |
40–59 years | 66 (36.9) | 113 (63.1) | 4.6 (2.2–9.8) | 2.6 | 1.1–6.6 |
≥ 60 years | 19 (61.3) | 12 (38.7) | 2.7 (1.2–5.9) | 4.8 | 1.8–12.6 |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | |||||
Yes | 49 (39.5) | 75 (60.5) | 1.7- (1.1–2.5) | 1.3 | 0.75–2.1 |
No* | 140 (28.3) | 354 (71.7) | 1 | ||
Residency | |||||
City* | 81 (28.1) | 207 (71.9) | 1 | 1 | Â |
Villages | 108 (32.7) | 222 (67.3) | 1.2 (.88–1.8) | 1.02 | 0.67–1.6 |
Telephone use | |||||
Yes—frequently | 116 (29.3) | 280 (70.7) | 1.1 (0.68–1.7) | 1.4 | 0.74–2.5 |
Yes—rare | 37 (35.2) | 68 (64.8) | 0.82 (0.47–1.4) | 1.4 | 0.80–2.4 |
No | 36 (30.8) | 81 (69.2) | 1 | 1 | Â |
Educational level | |||||
Up to secondary school level* | 83 (35.9) | 148 (64.1%0 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.1 | 0.71–2.6 |
Above secondary school level | 106 (27.4) | 281 (72.6) | 1 | 1 | |
Smoking | |||||
Never smoke* | 123 (33.0) | 250 (67.0) | 1 | 1 | Â |
Ex-smoker | 13 (33.3) | 26 (66.7) | 0.98 (.49–2.0) | 1.1 | 0.45–2.6 |
Current smoker | 53 (25.7) | 153 (74.3) | 1.4 (.97–2.1) | 1.5 | 0.81–2.4 |
Family history of tinnitus | |||||
Yes | 44 (41.9) | 61 (58.1) | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | 1.6 | 0.93–2.6 |
No* | 145 (28.3) | 368 (71.7) | 1 | ||
Vertigo | |||||
Never* | 64 (21.0) | 241 (79.0) | 1 | 1 | Â |
Yes (< 1 episode per year) | 47 (34.6) | 89 (65.4) | 3.0 (2.0–4.5) | 1.5 | 0.89–2.6 |
Yes (≥ 1 episode per year) | 78 (44.1) | 99(55.9) | 1.5 (0.94–2.4) | 1.9 | 1.2–3.0 |
Balance disorders | |||||
Yes | 30 (15.9) | 159 (84.1) | 6.0 (3.1–11.9) | 2 | 0.92–4.4 |
No* | 13 (3.0) | 416 (97.0) | |||
Annoyed by external sounds | |||||
Yes | 84 (40.4) | 124 (59.6) | 2.0 (1.4–2.8) | 1.2 | 0.78–1.8 |
No* | 105 (25.6) | 305 (74.4) | |||
History of ear, head and neck operations | |||||
Yes | 21 (43.8) | 27 (56.3) | 1.9 (1.1–3.4) | 1.2 | 0.56–2.4 |
No* | 168 (29.5) | 402 (70.5) | 1 | ||
Hearing problems | |||||
Yes, cannot hear at all | 31 (50.0) | 31 (50.0) | 4.1 (2.3–7.1) | 2.2 | 1.1–4.3 |
Yes, slight difficulty | 85 (45.9) | 100 (54.1) | 1.2 (0.66–2.1) | 0.86 | 0.43–1.8 |
No difficulty* | 73 (19.7) | 298 (80.3) | 1 | Â | 1 |
Depressive and anxiety symptoms | |||||
Yes | 44 (47.3) | 49 (52.7) | 2.4 (1.5–3.7) | 1.6 | 0.90–2.8 |
No* | 145 (27.6) | 380 (72.4) | 1 | ||
Using hearing aids | |||||
Yes | 9 (47.4) | 10 (52.6) | 2.1 (.83–5.2) | 1.1 | 0.32–3.3 |
No* | 180 (30.1) | 419 (69.4) | 1 | ||
Head and neck pain syndromes | |||||
Yes | 136 (43.7) | 175 (56.3) | 3.7 (2.6–5.4) | 2.2 | 1.4–3.4 |
No* | 53 (17.3) | 254 (82.7) | 1 | ||
Sleeping disorder | |||||
Yes | 46 (52.9) | 41 (47.1) | 3.1 (1.9–4.8) | 2.1 | 1.2–3.6 |
No* | 143 (26.9) | 388 (73.1) | 1 | ||
Cardiovascular diseases | |||||
Yes | 37 (52.9) | 33 (47.1) | 2.9 (1.8–4.8) | 1.2 | 0.65–2.4 |
No* | 152 (27.7) | 396 (72.3) | 1 | ||
Endocrine and metabolic disease | |||||
Yes | 33 (47.1) | 37 (52.9) | 2.2 (1.4–3.7) | 1.3 | 0.69–2.5 |
No* | 156 (28.5) | 392 (71.5) | 1 | ||
Otorhinolaryngological problem | |||||
Yes | 51 (48.1) | 55 (51.9) | 2.5 (1.6–3.9) | 1.6 | 0.96–2.6 |
No* | 138 (27.0) | 374 (73.0) | 1 | ||
