Table 2 Effects of clinical pathway (CP) implementation on the adherence rate (n_p = 44,062), and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) from the univariable and multivariable mixed-effect Poisson model with random effects.

Relative admission date to CP implementation date

− 2 years to − 1 year

1

1

< 0.001

− 1 year ~ 0

2.27 (2.08–2.46)

2.26 (0.89–5.75)

0–1 year

8.05 (7.47–8.68)

8.05 (2.64–24.55)

1–2 years

7.76 (7.2–8.37)

7.76 (2.47–24.4)

CP implementation year

2006

1

1

0.0312

2007

1.06 (0.71–1.59)

1.11 (0.77–1.59)

2008

0.83 (0.57–1.22)

0.89 (0.63–1.26)

2009

1.84 (0.87–3.91)

1.89 (0.9–3.99)

2010

1.04 (0.7–1.55)

1.17 (0.9–1.51)

2011

1.13 (0.79–1.62)

1.2 (0.83–1.74)

2012

0.98 (0.65–1.48)

1.08 (0.74–1.59)

2013

2.11 (1.48–3.01)

2.24 (1.62–3.09)

2014

1.68 (1.14–2.46)

1.68 (1.18–2.4)

2015

1.5 (0.62–3.62)

1.46 (0.56–3.85)

Age

Min-19

1

1

0.0031

20–29

1.24 (1.09–1.41)

1.27 (1.09–1.47)

30–39

1.28 (1.13–1.45)

1.27 (1.09–1.49)

40–49

1.26 (1.11–1.42)

1.23 (1.05–1.44)

50–59

1.3 (1.15–1.47)

1.26 (1.07–1.47)

60–69

1.22 (1.08–1.39)

1.21 (1.02–1.44)

≥ 70

1.24 (1.09–1.41)

1.18 (0.95–1.47)

Gender

Male

1

1

Female

1.03 (0.99–1.07)

1.04 (1.01–1.06)

Recommended length of stay

0.99 (0.92–1.06)

–

–

Recommended duration of prophylactic antibiotics

1

1

1

< 0.001

2

0.54 (0.39–0.76)

0.41 (0.26–0.65)

3

0.47 (0.35–0.64)

0.44 (0.32–0.62)