Table 1 Characteristics of prospective studies included in the systematic review.

From: Hormonal contraceptive use and the risk of sexually transmitted infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Reference	Study country	Study design	Outcome measure	HC-type used	Diagnostic method	Sample size	% positive	% using HC	HC-use comparison group	Unadjusted OR/RR (95% CI)	Reported^a adjusted OR/RR (95% CI)
*Neiserria gonorrhoea* (n = 6)
Kleinschmidt et al.²¹	South Africa	CS	Prevalence	POC	Nugent	551	3.8	54.4	NHC/NC	1.37 (0.56–3.37)
Pettifor et al.²²	South Africa	LC	Incidence	POC	Ligase chain reaction	567	4.0	19.9	NHC/NC	1.19 (0.53–2.65)^b	1.30 (0.58–2.98)
				POC	Ligase chain reaction	567	4.0	34.7	NHC/NC	1.41 (0.70–2.85)^b	1.11 (0.55–2.25)
Gursahaney et al.²³	USA	LC	Prevalence	COC	Gram stain, oxidase testing and Gonochek II analysis	107	63.6	21.0	NHC/NC	0.42 (0.22–0.78)^b	0.43 (0.23–0.81)
Hancock et al.²⁴	USA	CS	Prevalence	UHC	Gram staining and/or culture	1,090	2.4	35.7	NHC/NC		0.20 (0.05–0.58)
Wand and Ramjee²⁵	South Africa	PC	Prevalence	POC	Nucleic acid amplification assay	2,236	22.0	46.5	NHC	1.28 (0.69–2.40)^b	1.31 (0.69–2.50)
Borgdorff et al.²⁶	Rwanda	PC	Prevalence	POC	Amplicor CT/NG PCR test	800	5.8	12.1	NHC/NC		1.13 (0.47–2.77)
*Chlamydia trachomatis* (n = 7)
Kleinschmidt et al.²¹	South Africa	CS	Prevalence	POC	Nugent	551	13.8	54.4	NHC/NC	0.97 (0.60–1.57)
Pettifor et al.²²	South Africa	LC	Incidence	POC	Ligase chain reaction	567	14.0	19.9	NHC/NC	1.18 (0.77–1.81)^b	1.24 (0.80–1.94)
				POC	Ligase chain reaction	567	14.0	34.7	NHC/NC	0.93 (0.60–1.43)^b	0.91 (0.59–1.43)
Tibaldi et al.²⁷	Italy	CS	Prevalence	COC	Transcription mediated amplification	27,172	1.4	15.2	NC	1.68 (1.09–2.59)^b	1.51 (0.93–2.47)
Wand and Ramjee²⁵	South Africa	PC	Prevalence	POC	Nucleic acid amplification assay	2,236	22.0	46.5	NHC	2.22 (1.39–3.52)^b	2.46 (1.52–3.97)
Masese et al.²⁸	Kenya	PC	Incidence	POC	Gen-probe aptima	865	5.0/100^g	20.9	NHC/NC	1.90 (1.10–3.20)^b	1.80 (1.10–3.00)
Forcey et al.²⁹	Australia	CS	Prevalence	UHC	Nucleic acid amplification	5,055	5.8	39.2	NHC/NC	1.80 (1.40–2.30)^b	1.60 (1.30–2.00)
Borgdorff et al.²⁶	Rwanda	PC	Prevalence	POC	Amplicor CT/NG PCR test	800	2.5	12.1	NHC/NC		1.96 (0.59–6.57)
Syphilis-treponemapallidum (n = 1)
Borgdorff et al.²⁶	Rwanda	PC	Prevalence	POC	Spinreact Rapid Plasma Reagin test with confirmation by Spinreact T. pallidum Haemagglutination test	800	3.6	12.1	NHC/NC		2.22 (0.82–6.05)
*Trichomonas vaginalis* (n = 9)
Kleinschmidt et al.²¹	South Africa	CS	Prevalence	POC	Nugent	551	7.4	54.4	NHC/NC	0.78 (0.41–1.48)
Pettifor et al.²²	South Africa	LC	Incidence	POC	Diamond	567	7.8	19.9	NHC/NC	0.38 (0.13–1.08)^b	0.35 (0.12–1.01)
				POC	Diamond	567	7.8	34.7	NHC/NC	0.59 (0.28–1.23)^b	0.63 (0.30–1.29)
Tibaldi et al.²⁷	Italy	CS	Prevalence	COC	Microscopy	27,172	1.6	15.2	NC	0.53 (0.30–0.94)^b	0.56 (0.29–1.08)
Torok et al.³⁰	USA	CC	Prevalence	COC	InPouch culture system	571	74.8	14.0	NHC/NC	0.50 (0.30–0.80)^b	0.90 (0.50–1.60)
Baris and Arman Karakaya³¹	Turkey	PC	Prevalence	COC	Pap-stained smear samples—Bethesda 2001 criteria	638	4.9	16.8	NHC/NC	0.52(0.16–1.74)
Huppert et al.³²	USA	CS	Prevalence	UHC	Nucleic acid amplification testing	215	24.0	35.8	NHC/NC	0.77(0.40–1.49)
Brahmbhatt et al.³³	Uganda	PC	Incidence	POC	InPouch test	2,374	2.4/100^g	28.0	NHC/no condom	0.53 (0.30–0.95)^b	0.54 (0.30–0.98)
Borgdorff et al.²⁶	Rwanda	PC	Prevalence	POC	Wet mount or InPouch test	800	9.4	12.1	NHC/NC		0.77 (0.32–1.83)
Ngcapu et al.³⁴	South Africa	PC	Prevalence	POC	PCR	128	18.9	50.0	NHC/NC	1.00(0.41–2.43)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (n = 1)
Berenson et al.³⁵	USA	RC	Incidence	POC	ICD-9	90,489	0.08	78.0	Copper IUD		0.68 (0.53, 0.86)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (n = 3)
Kenyon et al.³⁶	South Africa	CS	Prevalence	UHC	Enzyme-linked immunoassay	784	53.3	54.2	NHC/NC	1.40 (1.00–1.94)^b	1.70 (1.10–2.60)
Borgdorff et al.²⁶	Rwanda	PC	Prevalence	POC	HerpeSelect 2 ELISA	800	60.6	12.1	NHC/NC		2.13 (1.26–3.59)
Grabowski et al.³⁷	Uganda	PC	Incidence	POC	ELISA	682	10.0	13.5/100^g	NHC/NC	2.02 (0.96–4.26)^b	2.26 (1.09–4.69)
Bacterial vaginoses (n = 25)
Ashraf Ganjoei³⁸	Iran	CS	Prevalence	COC	Amsel	130	37.7	NA^d	NHC/NC	0.37 (0.14–0.99)^b
Bradshaw et al.³⁹	Australia	CC	Prevalence	COC	Amsel/Nugent	342	46.0	46.8	NHC/NC	0.60 (0.40–0.90)^b	0.60 (0.40–1.00)
Harville et al.⁴⁰	USA	CS	Prevalence	UHC	Nugent	411	26.0	42.1	NHC/NC	0.61(0.38–0.96)
Schwebke and Desmond⁴¹	USA	LC	Incidence	UHC	Nugent	96	69.8	41.7	NHC/NC	0.81 (0.61–1.08)
Bradshaw et al.³⁹	Australia	LC	Recurrence	UHC	Nugent	139	58.0	38.1	NHC/NC	0.40 (0.20–0.80)^b	0.50 (0.30–1.00)
Amaral et al.⁴²	Brazil	CS	Prevalence	UHC	Nugent	155	75.5	44.5^c	NHC/NC	0.56 (0.25–1.26)^c
Evans et al.⁴³	UK	CS	Prevalence	UHC	Ison-Hay	189	14.4	51.0	NHC/NC	0.77 (0.30–1.98)^b
Kleinschmidt et al.²¹	South Africa	CS	Prevalence	POC	Nugent	554	34.7	54.4	NHC/NC	0.96 (0.68–1.36)
Cherpes et al.⁴⁴	USA	LC	Incidence	COC	Nugent	773	36/100^g	62.9^gc	NC	0.80 (0.60–1.10)^b
				POC	Nugent	773	36/100^g	280.7^gc	NC	1.20 (0.80–1.90)^b
McClelland et al.⁴⁵	Kenya	RCT/LC	Incidence	POC	Nugent	151	37.1	28.5	NC/TL	0.59 (0.48–0.73)^b	0.60 (0.48–0.74)
Peipert et al.⁴⁶	USA	RCT/CS	Prevalence	UHC	Amsel/Nugent	523	31.0	32.0	NHC/NC	0.70 (0.46–1.05)
Baisley et al.⁴⁷	Tanzania	CS	Prevalence	UHC	Nugent	1,305	62.9	30.0	NHC/NC	0.72 (0.56–0.92)^b	0.80 (0.62–1.04)
Pettifor et al.²²	South Africa	LC	Incidence	POC	Nugent	567	35.6	19.9	NHC/NC	0.75 (0.55–1.02)^b	0.77 (0.56–1.06)
				POC	Nugent	567	35.6	34.7	NHC/NC	0.89 (0.69–1.14)^b	0.91 (0.70–1.18)
Rifkin et al.⁴⁸	USA	CS	Prevalence	COC	Amsel	330	40.3	58.2	NHC	1.01 (0.67–1.52)^b	0.66 (0.39–1.10)
				POC	Amsel	330	40.3	17.0	NHC	0.42 (0.24–0.74)^b	0.42 (0.20–0.88)
Tibaldi et al.²⁷	Italy	CS	Prevalence	COC	Amsel	27,172	8.9	15.2	NC	0.86 (0.72–1.04)^b	0.69 (0.56–0.85)
Yotebieng et al.⁴⁹	Thailand	RCT/CS	Prevalence	UHC	Amsel	901	57.0	24.9	NHC/NC	0.46 (0.34–0.63)
Brotman et al.⁵⁰	USA	CS	Prevalence	UHC	Amsel	93	67.0	12.9	NHC/NC	1.00 (0.28–3.62)^b
Bukusi et al.⁵¹	Kenya	RCT/LC	Recurrence	UHC	Nugent	164	42.7	33.5	NHC/NC	1.11 (0.77–1.60)^c
Kampan et al.⁵²	Malaysia	CS	Prevalence	UHC	Amsel	131	19.1	49.6	NHC/NC	0.86 (0.32–2.23)^c
Mascarenhas et al.⁵³	Brazil	CS	Prevalence	UHC	Nugent	100	20.0	41.0	NHC/NC	0.95 (0.35–2.58)
Baris and Arman Karakaya³¹	Turkey	PC	Prevalence	COC	Pap-stained smear samples—Bethesda 2001 criteria	638	9.4	16.8	NHC/NC	0.74(0.34–1.62)
Jespers et al.⁵⁴	Sub-Saharan Africa	CS	Prevalence	POC	Nugent	430	36.0	33.3	NHC/NC	0.85 (0.53–1.37)^b
				COC	Nugent	430	36.0	34.8	NHC/NC	0.91 (0.47–1.76)^b
Ngcapu et al.³⁴	South Africa	PC	Prevalence	POC	Nugent	128	51.2	50.0	NHC/NC	0.94 (0.47–1.88)
Francis et al.⁵⁵	Uganda	PC	Prevalence	POC	Nugent	1027	56.0	24.4	NC	0.63 (0.47–0.85)^b	0.66 (0.50–0.86)
Brooks et al.⁵⁶	USA	RC	Prevalence	COC	Amsel's criteria	682	12.0	30.0	Condom		0.29 (0.13–0.64)
				POC	Amsel's criteria	682	12.0	13.7	Condom		0.34 (0.13–0.89)
				POC	Amsel's criteria	682	12.0	28.7	Condom		1.55 (0.72–3.35)

^aAll adjusted OR/RRs are reported by authors.
^bOR/RRs reported by authors.
^cEstimation recorded from Vodstrcil et al.⁹.
^dRaw data on the % using OC not available, on the basis of the odds ratios reported, the proportion of women using contraceptives were calculated to well exceed 10%
^gWoman-years, calculated by authors.
LC Longitudinal cohort, PC Prospective cohort, CS Cross sectional, RCT Randomised controlled trial, RC Retrospective cohort, CC Case control.
NHC No hormonal contraception, NC No contraception, POC progesterone-only containing methods of hormonal contraception, COC Combined oestrogen- and progesterone containing methods of hormonal contraception, UHC Unspecified hormonal contraception, TL Tubal ligation.

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Table 1 Characteristics of prospective studies included in the systematic review.

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