Table 2 Assessment of bias: measures of the studies included in the analysis.

Measure	Variables	N-studies/associations
STIs outcome measure (37 studies)	Prevalence	27^a
	Incidence	8^a
	Recurrence	2^a
Hormonal contraceptive type (37 studies, 61 associations)	COC	13^a
	POC	32^a
	UHC	16^a
Settings/recruitment venue (37 studies)	Sexual or reproductive health service	24^b
	General community healthcare service	3^c
	Sex worker Service	6^d
	Population based	4^e
HC-use comparison group (61 associations)	No contraceptive use	6^a
	No hormonal contraceptives use	8^a
	No hormonal contraceptives use or no contraceptive use	47^a
Reported outcome estimates (61 associations)	Adjusted analyses Condom used as adjusted variable	37^a 31^a
	Unadjusted analyses	24^a

^aReferences provided in Table 1.
^bAshraf Ganjoei³⁸, Bradshaw et al.^39,57, Brotman et al.⁵⁰, Bukusi et al.⁵¹, Cherpes et al.⁴⁴, Evans et al.⁴³, Forcey et al.²⁹, Grabowski et al.³⁷, Gursahaney et al.²³, Hancock et al.²⁴, Harville et al.⁴⁰, Huppert et al.³², Jespers et al.⁵⁴, Kampan et al.⁵², Kleinschmidt et al.²¹, Mascarenhas et al.⁵³, Peipert et al.⁴⁶, Pettifor et al.²², Rifkin et al.⁴⁸, Schwebke and Desmond⁴¹, Tibaldi et al.²⁷, Torok et al.³⁰, Wand and Ramjee²⁵.
^cBaisley et al.⁴⁷, Baris and Arman Karakaya³¹, Brooks et al.⁵⁶.
^dAmaral et al.⁴², Borgdorff et al.²⁶, Francis et al.⁵⁵, Masese et al.²⁸, McClelland et al.⁴⁵, Yotebieng et al.⁴⁹.
^eBerenson et al.³⁵, Brahmbhatt et al.³³, Kenyon et al.³⁶, Ngcapu et al.³⁴.
POC progesterone-only containing methods of hormonal contraception, COC Combined oestrogen- and progesterone containing methods of hormonal contraception, UHC Unspecified hormonal contraception.

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