Table 4 Risks associated with the development of AFL with dyspnoea at 5 years.

From: Development of airflow limitation, dyspnoea, and both in the general population: the Nagahama study

 

RRb

Adjusted RRb

Age ≥ 60 years

2.98 (1.86–4.77)

1.72 (1.34–2.21)

Female

0.48 (0.32–0.71)

0.84 (0.63–1.11)

Smoking status

Current vs. former

2.54 (1.44–4.49)

3.28 (1.79–6.02)

Former vs. never

1.37 (0.82–2.28)

0.90 (0.46–1.74)

BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2

1.10 (0.68–1.79)

0.97 (0.75–1.25)

Hypertension

1.42 (0.93–2.17)

1.07 (0.85–1.34)

Diabetes

0.94 (0.42–2.14)

0.76 (0.50–1.15)

Cardiovascular disease

2.74 (1.48–5.05)

1.54 (1.10–2.15)

%FEV1 < 80%

3.73 (2.12–6.57)

1.99 (1.49–2.67)

FEV1/FVC < LLN

3.50 (1.15–10.6)

2.71 (1.44–5.09)

SP-370 at follow-upa

2.38 (1.11–5.11)

1.47 (1.01–2.15)

  1. RR risk ratio, AFL airflow limitation, BMI body mass index, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, LLN lower limits of normal. aSpirometer used at follow-up. bRR (95% confidence interval).
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