Table 3 Comparisons among the four groups for the risk of poor OHRQoL.

From: COVID-19-related stress, exercise, and oral health-related quality of life among community-dwelling older adults who participated in the CHEER Iwamizawa project, Japan

Variable

Group 1: CS(-), LEH(−) (n = 86)

Group 2: CS(−), LEH( +) (n = 32)

Group 3: CS( +), LEH(−) (n = 70)

Group 4: CS( +), LEH( +) (n = 27)

P-value

Median[Q1,Q3]

n (%)

Median[Q1,Q3]

n (%)

Median[Q1,Q3]

n (%)

Median[Q1,Q3]

n (%)

Age, years

74.5[71.0, 78.0]

75.0[70.0, 78.0]

73.0[69.0, 79.0]

74.0[69.0, 81.0]

0.655

Women, n(%)

60

(69.8)

22

(68.8)

57

(81.4)

19

(70.4)

0.347

Current smokers, n (%)

4

(4.7)

3

(9.4)

1

(1.4)

2

(7.4)

0.185

BMI

22.3[20.4, 24.1]

25.3[21.2, 26.5]

22.7[20.5, 24.4]

22.7[20.6, 25.2]

0.112

JST-IC score

14.0[11.0, 15.0]

13.0[9.0, 15.0]

12.0[10.0, 14.5]

13.0[12.0, 15.0]

0.072

Medical history, n (%)

     

Malignant neoplasm

12

(14.0)

5

(15.6)

9

(12.9)

6

(22.2)

0.713

Stroke

1

(1.2)

1

(3.1)

4

(5.7)

0

(0.0)

0.318

Myocardial infarction

2

(2.3)

1

(3.1)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

0.499

Depression

2

(2.3)

0

(0.0)

2

(2.9)

0

(0.0)

1.000

Osteoarthritis

14

(16.3)

6

(18.8)

13

(18.6)

5

(18.5)

0.961

Depressive tendencies

4

(4.7)

6

(18.8)

10

(14.3)

3

(11.1)

0.066

Oral function

     

Number of teeth

22.0[15.0, 25.0]

22.0[12.5, 25.5]

23.0[18.0, 26.0

23.0[13.5, 27.0]

0.380

TCI(%)

16.7[11.1, 50.0]

33.3[13.9, 61.1]

25.0[11.1, 44.4]

33.3[8.3, 55.6]

0.346

Oral moisture

28.8[27.4, 29.9]

28.9[27.7, 30.4]

28.9[27.4, 29.9]

29.1[28.1, 30.0]

0.906

Occlusal force (N)

603.2[374.3, 825.0]

496.5[298.2, 825.4]

531.8[367.0, 839.8]

454.5[267.5, 647.5]

0.722

ODK (times/s)

5.8[5.5, 6.2]

5.8[5.2, 6.0]

6.0[5.6, 6.4]

5.8[5.4, 6.3]

0.109

Tongue pressure (kPa)

34.2[29.3, 38.7]

36.8[33.0, 40.3]

35.3[28.9, 39.0]

35.2[31.5, 39.4]

0.286

Masticatory function (mg/dL)

207.0[165.0, 257.0]

202.0[169.5, 236.0]

215.0[178.0, 249.0]

211.0[170.5, 231.5]

0.475

Oral hypofunction

24

(27.9)

8

(25.0)

18

(25.7)

7

(25.9)

0.987

  1. Categorical variables are shown as numbers (percentages) and were analyzed by performing either the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Continuous variables are expressed as median [Q1, Q3], and were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
  2. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CS, COVID-19-related stress; JST-IC, Japan Science and Technology Agency Index of Competence; LEH, lack of exercise habits; ODK, oral diadochokinesis; OHRQoL, oral health-related quality of life; Q1, first quartile; Q3, third quartile; TCI, tongue coating index.
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