Table 3 Mean comparison of traits for different wheat ploidy levels in response to foliar application of Zn and Fe under two moisture environments.

From: Combined foliar application of Zn and Fe increases grain micronutrient concentrations and alleviates water stress across diverse wheat species and ploidal levels

Moisture Env	Trait	PL^€	Control	Change (%)	Zn	Change (%)	Fe	Change (%)	Zn + Fe	Change (%)	LSD (0.05)
Normal	GY	2x	212.71^hij¥	− 48.09^δ	210.83^hij	− 26.78	273.12^h	− 51.95	253.54^hi	− 33.61	53.80
Stress		2x	110.41^k	− 48.09^δ	154.37^jk	− 26.78	131.25^jk	− 51.95	168.33^ijk	− 33.61
Normal		4x	834.53^c	− 41.93	824.01^cd	− 37.22	868.35^c	− 46.09	847.17^c	− 40.14
Stress		4x	484.60^g	− 41.93	517.30^fg	− 37.22	468.09^g	− 46.09	507.10^g	− 40.14
Normal		6x	996.62^b	− 39.31	1145^a	− 35.59	987.87^b	− 28.84	1209.62^a	− 35.39
Stress		6x	604.87^f	− 39.31	737.50^de	− 35.59	703^e	− 28.84	781.50^cde	− 35.39
Normal	TKW	2x	13.32^gh	− 7.96	15.83^f	− 10.80	15.87^f	− 16.45	15^fg	− 9.07	1.13
Stress		2x	12.26^h	− 7.96	14.12^fgh	− 10.80	13.26^gh	− 16.45	13.64^gh	− 9.07
Normal		4x	39.58^c	− 17.21	40.32^bc	− 17.58	39.83^c	− 17.98	39.49^c	− 18.06
Stress		4x	32.77^e	− 17.21	33.23^de	− 17.58	32.67^e	− 17.98	32.36^e	− 18.06
Normal		6x	42.09^ab	− 23.45	41.34^abc	− 15.31	39.58^c	− 15.41	42.22^ab	− 19.16
Stress		6x	32.22^e	− 23.45	35.01^d	− 15.31	33.48^de	− 15.41	34.13^de	− 19.16
Normal	NKS	2x	103.92^bcd	− 20.61	103.58^bcd	− 15.21	97.42^def	− 10.18	103.92^bcd	− 13.08	6.52
Stress		2x	82.50^g	− 20.61	87.83^fg	− 15.21	87.50^gf	− 10.18	90.33^efg	− 13.08
Normal		4x	101.32^cde	− 15.72	105.95^a–d	− 17.39	107.34^a–d	− 20.35	113.68^ab	− 14.14
Stress		4x	85.39^g	− 15.72	87.53^fg	− 17.39	85.50^g	− 20.35	97.61^def	− 14.14
Normal		6x	115.65^a	− 21.53	116.55^a	− 25.91	112.40^abc	− 19.93	111^abc	− 4.28
Stress		6x	90.75^efg	− 21.53	86.35^fg	− 25.91	90^gf	− 19.93	106.25^a–d	− 4.28
Normal	KL	2x	6.95^c–g	− 9.06	7^b–f	− 10.43	7.01^b–f	− 7.99	6.96^b–f	− 3.88	0.24
Stress		2x	6.32^ij	− 9.06	6.27^j	− 10.43	6.45^ghi	− 7.99	6.69^g–j	− 3.88
Normal		4x	7.30^abc	− 3.84	7.40^ab	− 5.27	7.28^a–d	− 3.71	7.47^a	− 3.35
Stress		4x	7.02^e–g	− 3.84	7.01^b–e	− 5.27	7.01^b–f	− 3.71	7.22^a–e	− 3.35
Normal		6x	6.73^f–i	− 3.27	6.82^e–h	− 2.79	6.85^d–h	− 5.26	6.88^b–h	− 2.91
Stress		6x	6.51^g–j	− 3.27	6.63^f–i	− 2.79	6.49^hij	− 5.26	6.68^f–j	− 2.91
Normal	KD	2x	2.26^f	− 1.32	2.40^e	− 5.42	2.35^ef	− 4.68	2.29^ef	− 1.31	0.05
Stress		2x	2.23^f	− 1.32	2.27^f	− 5.42	2.24^f	− 4.68	2.26^f	− 1.31
Normal		4x	2.90^bc	− 6.21	2.96^ab	− 9.80	2.87^bc	− 5.92	2.94^bc	− 9.18
Stress		4x	2.72^d	− 6.21	2.67^d	− 9.80	2.70^d	− 5.92	2.67^d	− 9.18
Normal		6x	3.13^a	− 8.31	3.16^a	− 10.13	3.15^a	− 8.25	3.18^a	− 9.43
Stress		6x	2.87^bc	− 8.31	2.84^c	− 10.13	2.89^bc	− 8.25	2.88^bc	− 9.43
Normal	PH	2x	115^def	− 3.52	114.39^efg	− 1.24	114.98^d–g	− 3.03	114.97^d–g	− 2.17	1.51
Stress		2x	110.95^d–g	− 3.52	112.97^fgh	− 1.24	111.50^hIj	− 3.03	112.48^def	− 2.17
Normal		4x	117.13^bcd	− 4.85	118.74^ab	− 2.28	115.88^cde	− 0.85	118.35^bc	− 2.50
Stress		4x	111.45^hij	− 4.85	116.03^cde	− 2.28	114.90^d–g	− 0.85	115.39^def	− 2.50
Normal		6x	116.65^b–e	− 5.94	116.17^b–e	− 5.77	112.66^gh	− 2.49	115.89^fgh	− 2.70
Stress		6x	109.72^j	− 5.94	109.47^j	− 5.77	109.85^ij	− 2.49	112.76	− 2.70
Normal	FLL	2x	118.19^g	− 3.86	131.26^f	− 10.12	117.68^g	0.02	122.28^def	− 7.59	6.76
Stress		2x	113.63^g	− 3.86	117.98^g	− 10.12	117.70^g	0.02	113^g	− 7.59
Normal		4x	228.58^a	− 3.92	220.27^abc	1.15	214.40^bcd	− 1.33	207.85^ed	1.04
Stress		4x	219.61^abc	− 3.92	222.80^a,b	1.15	211.54^d–e	− 1.33	210.01^def	1.04
Normal		6x	212.78^bcd	− 3.53	211.88^b–e	− 1.54	210.79^cde	− 4.97	211.30^fgh	− 3.82
Stress		6x	205.26^ed	− 3.53	208.62^cde	− 1.54	200.31^e	− 4.97	203.22^ed	− 3.82
Normal	FLW	2x	6.33^h	− 1.42	5.74^h	3.83	6.06^gh	6.44	6.30^gh	− 3.81	0.38
Stress		2x	6.24^gh	− 1.42	5.96^gh	3.83	6.45^g	6.44	6.06^gh	− 3.81
Normal		4x	12.84^ed	0.93	13.14^b–e	− 0.53	13.15^b–e	− 3.35	13.37^a–d	− 9.35
Stress		4x	12.96^ed	0.93	13.07^ab		12.71^def		12.12^f
Normal		6x	12.48^ef	3.04	13.62^abc	− 8.52	13.11^cde	− 3.74	13.85^a	− 7.58
Stress		6x	12.86^ed	3.04	12.46^ef	− 8.52	12.62^ef	− 3.74	12.80^def	− 7.58
Normal	Zn	2x	61.33^e–h	11.23	74.53^abc	3.73	61.30^e–h	23.28	73.81^a–d	− 0.22	6.69
Stress		2x	68.22^a–f	11.23	77.31^ab	3.73	75.57^ab	23.28	73.65^a–d	− 0.22
Normal		4x	52.69^gh	12.09	70.04^a–e	11.95	61.41^e–h	12.95	63.61^c–g	9.06
Stress		4x	59.06^e–h	12.09	78.41^a	11.95	69.36^a–f	12.95	69.37^a–f	9.06
Normal		6x	50.92^h	18.64	60.55^e–h	16.43	58.06^fgh	6.48	62.46^d–h	5.72
Stress		6x	60.41^e–h	18.64	70.50^a–e	16.43	61.82^e–h	6.48	66.03^c–f	5.72
Normal	Fe	2x	82.70^f–k	18.85	85.27^f–i	16.68	99.41^cde	17.75	89.98^efg	17.25	6.37
Stress		2x	98.29^cde	18.85	99.49^cde	16.68	117.06^a	17.75	105.50^bc	17.25
Normal		4x	68.07^l	26.15	74.82^i–l	18.39	84.46^f–k	20.86	75.27^h–l	24.46
Stress		4x	85.87^fgh	26.15	88.58^fgh	18.39	102.08^cd	20.86	93.68^def	24.46
Normal		6x	73.80^kl	23.67	79.27^g–k	13.26	84.85^f–j	35.09	73.93^jkl	26.09
Stress		6x	91.27^def	23.67	89.78^efg	13.26	114.62^ab	35.09	93.22^def	26.09

GY, Grain yield (g/m²); NKS, Number of kernel per spike; TKW, Thousand kernel weight (g); KL, Kernel length (mm); KD, Kernel diameter (mm); PH, Plant height (cm); FLL, Flag leaf length (mm); FLW, Flag leaf width (mm); Zn, Grain zinc content (µg/g); Fe, Grain iron content (µg/g).
^¥For each trait, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different, using LSD test at 5% level of probability.
^δChange by water stress relative to normal irrigation conditions.
^€Ploidy level.

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Table 3 Mean comparison of traits for different wheat ploidy levels in response to foliar application of Zn and Fe under two moisture environments.

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