Table 1 Effects of the visual manipulations on refractive and axial parameters.

From: Experimentally induced myopia and myopic astigmatism alter retinal electrophysiology in chickens

Groups (number of birds)

Normal (12)

LIM (12)

H-WTR (15)

H-ATR (11)

Refractive parameters (D)

M

− 0.11 ± 0.12

− 10.81 ± 0.40*

− 8.00 ± 0.29*†‡

− 10.82 ± 0.50*

RA

− 0.32 ± 0.04

− 0.67 ± 0.08

− 3.83 ± 0.19*†‡

− 1.95 ± 0.27*†

J0

− 0.15 ± 0.02

− 0.31 ± 0.04

− 1.73 ± 0.08*†‡

0.34 ± 0.18*†

J45

0.01 ± 0.02

− 0.06 ± 0.03

0.75 ± 0.11*†‡

− 0.43 ± 0.22

Axial parameters (mm)

CCT (µm)

175.8 ± 2.58

174.3 ± 2.16

179.9 ± 2.49

173.1 ± 4.61

ACD

1.23 ± 0.02

1.36 ± 0.01*

1.29 ± 0.02‡

1.40 ± 0.02*

LT

2.06 ± 0.03

2.03 ± 0.02

2.03 ± 0.02

2.02 ± 0.02

VCD

5.01 ± 0.04

5.60 ± 0.04*

5.58 ± 0.04*

5.48 ± 0.06*

RT

0.24 ± 0.01

0.24 ± 0.01

0.24 ± 0.00

0.25 ± 0.01

CT

0.22 ± 0.02

0.19 ± 0.01

0.18 ± 0.01

0.22 ± 0.01

ST

0.12 ± 0.00

0.12 ± 0.01

0.12 ± 0.00‡

0.14 ± 0.01*†

AXL

9.06 ± 0.05

9.71 ± 0.04*

9.32 ± 0.04*†

9.41 ± 0.08*†

  1. Comparison of refractive and axial parameters in the treated eyes across the four groups were performed using One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post-hoc tests. In addition, independent t-tests were performed to compare between the two sphero-cylindrical lens-wear groups (H-WTR and H-ATR). The level of significance is represented as follows: *p < 0.05, comparisons between the Normal group and the 3 lens treated groups (− 10 D, H-WTR and H-ATR); †p < 0.05, comparisons between the – 10 D group and the two sphero-cylindrical lenses treated groups (H-WTR and H-ATR); ‡p < 0.05, comparisons between the two sphero-cylindrical lens-wear groups (H-WTR and H-ATR). M spherical equivalent, RA refractive astigmatism, J0 refractive J0, J45 refractive J45, CCT central corneal thickness, ACD anterior chamber depth, LT lens thickness, VCD vitreous chamber depth, RT retinal thickness, CT choroidal thickness, ST scleral thickness, AXL axial length.
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