Table 3 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of factors associated with childhood stunting among children aged 0–23 months in Ethiopia, EMDHS 2019.
From: Determinants of undernutrition among young children in Ethiopia
Characteristics | Null model (Model 0) | Individual level model (Model 1), AOR (95% CI) | Community level model (Model 2), AOR (95% CI) | Full model (Model 3), AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Child related factors | ||||
Sex | ||||
Male | Ref | Ref | ||
Female | 0.68 (0.54–0.86)* | 0.68 (0.54–0.86)* | ||
Age (months) | ||||
< 6 | Ref | Ref | ||
6–11 | 1.36 (0.94–1.98) | 1.36 (0.93–1.97) | ||
12–17 | 2.23 (1.54–3.25)** | 2.22 (1.52–3.23)** | ||
18–23 | 4.25 (2.82–6.40)** | 4.16 (2.75–6.27)** | ||
Number of under-five children | ||||
1 | Ref | Ref | ||
2+ | 1.19 (0.92–1.56) | 1.22 (0.93–1.59) | ||
Vitamin A in last 6 months | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 1.14 (0.88–1.49) | 1.13 (0.87–1.47) | ||
Currently breastfeeding | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 0.82 (0.58–1.17) | 0.85 (0.59–1.21) | ||
Minimum meal frequency | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 0.89 (0.66–1.18) | 0.88 (0.65–1.17) | ||
Minimum dietary diversity | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 1.29 (0.84–2.00) | 1.30 (0.84–2.01) | ||
Maternal factors | ||||
Age (years) | ||||
< 20 | Ref | Ref | ||
20–34 | 0.75 (0.49–1.15) | 0.74 (0.48–1.14) | ||
35–49 | 0.59 (0.35–1.01) | 0.57 (0.27–0.97)* | ||
Educational level | ||||
No education | 1.26 (0.95–1.65) | 1.29 (0.98–1.70) | ||
Primary and above | Ref | Ref | ||
ANC visit | ||||
Yes | 0.95 (0.70–1.29) | 0.93 (0.68–1.26) | ||
No | Ref | Ref | ||
Place of delivery | ||||
Home | 0.98 (0.73–1.31) | 0.97 (0.72–1.30) | ||
Health facility | Ref | Ref | ||
Household-level factors | ||||
Household size | ||||
1–4 | Ref | Ref | ||
5+ | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) | 0.94 (0.72–1.24) | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 2.32 (1.37–3.93)* | 2.06 (1.12–3.79)* | ||
Poorer | 2.73 (1.68–4.42)** | 2.25 (1.27–3.97)* | ||
Middle | 2.52 (1.57–4.03)** | 2.08 (1.19–3.65)* | ||
Richer | 2.36 (1.49–3.73)** | 2.02 (1.19–3.42)* | ||
Richest | Ref | Ref | ||
Toilet facility | ||||
Improved | Ref | Ref | ||
Unimproved | 1.11 (0.76–1.63) | 1.12 (0.73–1.73) | ||
Open defecation | 1.19 (0.78–1.82) | 1.01 (0.68–1.51) | ||
Source of drinking water | ||||
Improved | Ref | Ref | ||
Unimproved | 1.06 (0.77–1.46) | 0.82 (0.57–1.18) | ||
Surface water | 0.80 (0.56–1.15) | 1.08 (0.78–1.48) | ||
Community-level factors | ||||
Residence | ||||
Urban | Ref | Ref | ||
Rural | 2.09 (1.48–2.95)** | 1.19 (0.75–1.89) | ||
Region | ||||
City administration | 0.75 (0.52–1.09) | 0.82 (0.54–1.24) | ||
Pastoralist | 0.81 (0.58–1.13) | 0.73 (0.48–1.11) | ||
Agrarian | Ref | Ref | ||
Random effect | ||||
Community variance (SE) | 0.4200 (0.008) | 0.3102 (0.0103) | 0.3333 (0.0081) | 0.3092 (0.0103) |
ICC (%) | 11.32 | 8.62 | 9.19 | 8.59 |
MOR | 1.85 | 1.69 | 1.73 | 1.69 |
PCV (%) | Ref | 26.14 | 20.64 | 26.38 |
Model fit statistics | ||||
LL | − 1157.2118 | − 990.348 | − 1141.2625 | − 988.614 |
DIC(-2Log-likelihood) | 2,314.42 | 1,980.69 | 2,282.52 | 1,977.22 |
AIC | 2318.42 | 2030.698 | 2292.525 | 2033.229 |
BIC | 2329.64 | 2168.906 | 2320.582 | 2188.022 |
