Table 4 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of factors associated with childhood wasting among children aged 0–23 months in Ethiopia, EMDHS 2019.
From: Determinants of undernutrition among young children in Ethiopia
Characteristics | Null model (Model 0) | Individual level model (Model 1), AOR (95% CI) | Community level model (Model 2), AOR (95% CI) | Full model (Model 3), AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Child related factors | ||||
Sex | ||||
Male | Ref | Ref | ||
Female | 0.69 (0.49–0.96)* | 0.70 (0.51–0.98)* | ||
Age (months) | ||||
< 6 | Ref | Ref | ||
6–11 | 0.83 (0.51–1.37) | 0.81 (0.49–1.34) | ||
12–17 | 1.07 (0.65–1.76) | 1.03 (0.63–1.70) | ||
18–23 | 1.28 (0.73–2.26) | 1.30 (0.74–2.29) | ||
Number of under-five children | ||||
1 | Ref | Ref | ||
2+ | 0.88 (0.59–1.30) | 0.88 (0.59–1.29) | ||
Vitamin A in last 6 months | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 0.77 (0.51–1.15) | 0.79 (0.52–1.19) | ||
Currently breastfeeding | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 0.93 (0.56–1.57) | 0.89 (0.53–1.52) | ||
Minimum meal frequency | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 1.17 (0.76–1.80) | 1.16 (0.75–1.78) | ||
Minimum dietary diversity | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 2.26 (0.94–5.46) | 2.21 (0.91–5.34) | ||
Maternal factors | ||||
Age (years) | ||||
< 20 | Ref | Ref | ||
20–34 | 0.76 (0.43–1.37) | 0.78 (0.44–1.40) | ||
35–49 | 0.78 (0.38–1.59) | 0.81 (0.40–1.66) | ||
Educational level | ||||
No education | 1.32 (0.88–1.97) | 1.32 (0.87–1.98) | ||
Primary and above | Ref | Ref | ||
ANC visit | ||||
Yes | 0.65 (0.43–0.99) | 0.68 (0.45–1.04) | ||
No | Ref | Ref | ||
Place of delivery | ||||
Home | 0.81 (0.52–1.24) | 0.83 (0.53–1.28) | ||
Health facility | Ref | Ref | ||
Household-level factors | ||||
Household size | ||||
1–4 | Ref | Ref | ||
5+ | 1.44 (0.95–2.20) | 0.94 (0.72–1.24) | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 1.61 (0.77–3.36) | 1.76 (0.74–4.18) | ||
Poorer | 1.41 (0.69–2.85) | 1.79 (0.78–4.10) | ||
Middle | 0.95 (0.44–2.03) | 1.14 (0.47–2.71) | ||
Richer | 1.25 (0.62–2.49) | 1.48 (0.68–3.24) | ||
Richest | Ref | Ref | ||
Toilet facility | ||||
Improved | Ref | Ref | ||
Unimproved | 0.66 (0.37–1.16) | 0.68 (0.38–1.22) | ||
Open defecation | 1.26 (0.71–2.25) | 1.29 (0.72–2.32) | ||
Source of drinking water | ||||
Improved | Ref | Ref | ||
Unimproved | 0.99 (0.62–1.58) | 0.67 (0.41–1.09) | ||
Surface water | 0.67 (0.41–1.09) | 0.96 (0.60–1.52) | ||
Community-level factors | ||||
Residence | ||||
Urban | Ref | Ref | ||
Rural | 0.88 (0.56–1.38) | 0.49 (0.92–0.92)* | ||
Region | ||||
City administration | 0.45 (0.25–0.82)* | 0.49 (0.26–0.92)* | ||
Pastoralist | 2.26 (1.51–3.38)** | 1.43 (0.87–2.36) | ||
Agrarian | Ref | Ref | ||
Random effect | ||||
Community variance (SE) | 0.5722 (0.0178) | 0.3587 (0.0263) | 0.3999 (0.0192) | 0.2989 (0.0279) |
ICC (%) | 14.81 | 9.83 | 10.84 | 8.33 |
MOR | 2.05 | 1.76 | 1.82 | 1.68 |
PCV (%) | Ref | 37.31 | 30.11 | 48.28 |
Model fit statistics | ||||
LL | − 642.33 | − 561.01 | − 627.05 | − 553.79 |
DIC(-2Log-likelihood) | 1,284.66 | 1,122.02 | 1,254.1 | 1,107.58 |
AIC | 1288.66 | 1172.003 | 1264.09 | 1163.583 |
BIC | 1299.91 | 1310.479 | 1292.20 | 1318.676 |
