Table 5 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of factors associated with childhood underweight among children aged 0–23 months in Ethiopia, EMDHS 2019.
From: Determinants of undernutrition among young children in Ethiopia
Characteristics | Null model (Model 0) | Individual level model (Model 1), AOR (95% CI) | Community level model (Model 2), AOR (95% CI) | Full model (Model 3), AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Child related factors | ||||
Sex | ||||
Male | Ref | Ref | ||
Female | 0.64 (0.49–0.83)* | 0.64 (0.49–0.83)* | ||
Age (months) | ||||
< 6 | Ref | Ref | ||
6–11 | 1.78 (1.18–2.70)* | 1.74 (1.15–2.63)* | ||
12–17 | 2.19 (1.44–3.34)** | 2.13 (1.40–3.24)** | ||
18–23 | 4.19 (2.65–6.64)** | 4.08 (2.58–6.44)** | ||
Number of under-five children | ||||
1 | Ref | Ref | ||
2+ | 0.86 (0.64–1.17) | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | ||
Vitamin A in last 6 months | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 1.10 (0.81–1.48) | 1.09 (0.81–1.47) | ||
Currently breastfeeding | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 1.13 (0.76–1.67) | 1.15 (0.78–1.71) | ||
Minimum meal frequency | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 1.40 (1.02–1.94)* | 1.36 (0.99–1.88) | ||
Minimum dietary diversity | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 1.46 (0.85–2.52) | 1.49 (0.87–2.55) | ||
Maternal factors | ||||
Age (years) | ||||
< 20 | Ref | Ref | ||
20–34 | 0.71 (0.44–1.13) | 0.70 (0.44–1.12) | ||
35–49 | 0.75 (0.43–1.32) | 0.72 (0.41–1.28) | ||
Educational level | ||||
No education | 1.22 (0.89–1.66) | 1.28 (0.94–1.76) | ||
Primary and above | Ref | Ref | ||
ANC visit | ||||
Yes | 0.91 (0.65–1.27) | 0.90 (0.64–1.26) | ||
No | Ref | Ref | ||
Place of delivery | ||||
Home | 1.16 (0.83–1.62) | 1.19 (0.85–1.67) | ||
Health facility | Ref | Ref | ||
Household-level factors | ||||
Household size | ||||
1–4 | Ref | Ref | ||
5+ | 1.18 (0.86–1.63) | 1.16 (0.84–1.59) | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 1.95 (1.08–3.51)* | 2.28 (1.14–4.54)* | ||
Poorer | 2.17 (1.25–3.77)* | 2.42 (1.26–4.63)* | ||
Middle | 1.57 (0.89–2.74) | 1.72 (0.89–3.32) | ||
Richer | 1.55 (0.91–2.68) | 1.72 (0.93–3.18) | ||
Richest | Ref | Ref | ||
Toilet facility | ||||
Improved | Ref | Ref | ||
Unimproved | 0.81 (0.52–1.26) | 0.76 (0.48–1.20) | ||
Open defecation | 1.06 (0.66–1.70) | 1.05 (0.65–1.68) | ||
Source of drinking water | ||||
Improved | Ref | Ref | ||
Unimproved | 0.94 (0.65–1.37) | 0.98 (0.68–1.41) | ||
Surface water | 1.04 (0.70–1.54) | 1.07 (0.73–1.57) | ||
Community-level factors | ||||
Residence | ||||
Urban | Ref | Ref | ||
Rural | 1.26 (0.85–1.85) | 0.60 (0.36–1.01) | ||
Region | ||||
City administration | 0.53 (0.33–0.82)* | 0.57 (0.35–0.93)* | ||
Pastoralist | 1.08 (0.74–1.57) | 0.75 (0.48–1.16) | ||
Agrarian | Ref | Ref | ||
Random effect | ||||
Community-level variance (SE) | 0.5049 (0.0093) | 0.3971 (0.0119) | 0.4588 (0.0094) | 0.3330 (0.0125) |
ICC (%) | 13.30 | 10.77 | 12.23 | 9.19 |
MOR | 1.96 | 1.81 | 1.90 | 1.73 |
PCV (%) | Ref | 21.35 | 9.11 | 34.04 |
Model fit statistics | ||||
LL | − 935.70 | − 818.23 | − 927.47 | − 813.99 |
DIC(-2Log-likelihood) | 1,871.40 | 1,636.46 | 1,854.94 | 1,627.98 |
AIC | 1875.41 | 1686.456 | 1864.937 | 1683.986 |
BIC | 1886.66 | 1825.051 | 1893.067 | 1839.212 |
