Figure 3

TNFα treatment increases cell death in both sexes in vitro. (A–D) Both sexes have increased PI staining with TNFα treatment, particularly at 24 h. (E) Bars indicate mean (fold change of PI-positive/total DAPI-positive cells, normalized to untreated controls) ± standard error mean (SEM). Dashed line represents untreated condition mean n = 16 across 4 experiments. ####P < 0.0001, treatment factor, two-way ANOVA.