Table 3 Between-group comparisons of the primary and secondary outcomes.

From: Tai chi-muscle power training for children with developmental coordination disorder: a randomized controlled trial

 

TC-MPT vs. TC

TC-MPT vs. MPT

TC-MPT vs. control

TC vs. MPT

TC vs. control

MPT vs. control

Mean difference (95% CI)

p

d

Mean difference (95% CI)

p

d

Mean difference (95% CI)

p

d

Mean difference (95% CI)

p

d

Mean difference (95% CI)

p

d

Mean difference (95% CI)

p

d

Primary outcomes

LOS completion time, s

 Pre-test

37.49 (23.33, 51.64)

 < 0.001*

1.38

16.83 (0.78, 32.89)

0.040

0.54

18.11 (4.10, 32.11)

0.013

0.67

-20.66 (-32.08, -9.23)

0.001*

0.93

-19.38 (-27.44, -11.32)

 < 0.001*

1.23

1.27 (-9.86, 12.41)

0.820

0.06

 Post-test

32.35 (4.55, 60.16)

0.023

0.60

20.40 (2.81, 37.98)

0.024

0.60

20.24 (5.64, 34.84)

0.008*

0.73

-11.96 (-38.19, 14.27)

0.362

0.24

-12.11 (-36.49, 12.26)

0.318

0.26

-0.16 (-10.63, 10.32)

0.976

0.01

DLOS score, %

 Pre-test

-12.88 (-19.53, -6.22)

 < 0.001*

1.00

-2.50 (-8.17, 3.17)

0.382

0.23

-4.75 (-9.68, 0.17)

0.058

0.49

10.38 (4.60, 16.16)

0.001*

0.93

8.12 (3.09, 13.15)

0.002*

0.82

-2.26 (-5.95, 1.44)

0.226

0.31

 Post-test

-16.42 (-24.37, -8.47)

 < 0.001*

1.07

-4.89 (-12.08, 2.29)

0.178

0.35

-4.95 (-9.76, -0.13)

0.044

0.54

11.53 (3.13, 19.92)

0.008*

0.71

11.47 (4.93, 18.02)

0.001*

0.93

-0.05 (-5.60, 5.49)

0.984

 < 0.01

Secondary outcomes

MABC-2 total test score

 Pre-test

-11.11 (-21.27, -0.95)

0.033

0.56

-3.77 (-13.55, 6.02)

0.444

0.20

-4.96 (-12.90, 2.98)

0.212

0.33

7.34 (-1.75, 16.44)

0.112

0.42

6.15 (-0.89, 13.19)

0.085

0.46

-1.19 (-7.65, 5.26)

0.709

0.10

 Post-test

-11.14 (-21.45, -0.84)

0.035

0.56

-3.80 (-13.52, 5.92)

0.437

0.20

-5.23 (-13.15, 2.70)

0.188

0.35

7.34 (-1.63, 16.32)

0.107

0.42

5.92 (-1.02, 12.86)

0.092

0.45

-1.43 (-7.42, 4.57)

0.630

0.13

MABC-2 total percentile rank

 Pre-test

-10.58 (-22.43, 1.26)

0.079

0.46

0.89 (-10.30, 12.08)

0.875

0.04

5.79 (-3.40, 14.97)

0.208

0.33

11.47 (0.99, 21.95)

0.032

0.57

16.37 (8.11, 24.63)

 < 0.001*

1.04

4.90 (-2.34, 12.14)

0.178

0.35

 Post-test

-10.63 (-22.61, 1.35)

0.081

0.46

2.12 (-8.74, 12.99)

0.696

0.10

5.45 (-3.57, 14.47)

0.226

0.32

12.75 (2.49, 23.01)

0.016

0.64

16.08 (7.80, 24.36)

 < 0.001*

1.03

3.33 (-3.11, 9.76)

0.299

0.27

Peak force of knee extensors, kg

 Pre-test

-3.31 (-5.13, -1.49)

0.001*

0.94

-0.97 (-2.94, 1.01)

0.331

0.25

-1.43 (-2.87, 0.02)

0.053

0.52

2.35 (0.45, 4.25)

0.016

0.64

1.89 (0.57, 3.20)

0.006*

0.73

-0.46 (-1.97, 1.05)

0.544

0.16

 Post-test

-3.17 (-4.89, -1.45)

0.001*

0.95

-1.29 (-3.04, 0.46)

0.145

0.38

-1.44 (-2.73, -0.14)

0.031

0.58

1.88 (0.20, 3.56)

0.029

0.58

1.74 (0.54, 2.93)

0.006*

0.76

-0.14 (-1.38, 1.09)

0.814

0.06

Peak force of knee flexors, kg

 Pre-test

-1.73 (-2.98, -0.49)

0.007*

0.72

0.33 (-0.97, 1.63)

0.614

0.13

-0.47 (-1.52, 0.59)

0.374

0.23

2.06 (0.93, 3.19)

0.001*

0.94

1.26 (0.45, 2.08)

0.003*

0.79

-0.80 (-1.68, 0.09)

0.078

0.45

 Post-test

-2.42 (-3.81, -1.04)

0.001*

0.91

-0.72 (-2.14, 0.71)

0.318

0.26

-0.52 (-1.47, 0.42)

0.265

0.26

1.71 (0.21, 3.20)

0.026

0.59

1.90 (0.85, 2.95)

0.001*

0.85

0.19 (-0.92, 1.30)

0.724

0.08

Time to peak force of knee extensors, s

 Pre-test

-0.26 (-0.50, -0.03)

0.028

0.59

-0.10 (-0.30, 0.11)

0.348

0.25

-0.13 (-0.31, 0.05)

0.160

0.37

0.17 (-0.02, 0.35)

0.079

0.47

0.13 (-0.03, 0.30)

0.101

0.45

-0.03 (-0.14, 0.08)

0.563

0.14

 Post-test

-0.42 (-1.10, 0.27)

0.231

0.32

-0.34 (-0.99, 0.32)

0.309

0.27

-0.08 (-0.26. 0.10)

0.353

0.14

0.08 (-0.84, 1.00)

0.862

0.05

0.33 (-0.32, 0.99)

0.312

0.25

0.25 (-0.39, 0.90)

0.428

0.20

Time to peak force of knee flexors, s

 Pre-test

0.13 (-0.17, 0.43)

0.396

0.22

0.18 (-0.12, 0.47)

0.239

0.32

0.10 (-0.11, 0.32)

0.344

0.27

0.05 (-0.26, 0.35)

0.764

0.09

-0.03 (-0.25, 0.20)

0.800

0.05

-0.07 (-0.29, 0.14)

0.487

0.17

 Post-test

0.09 (-0.22, 0.40)

0.577

0.13

-0.10 (-0.82, 0.62)

0.786

0.07

0.06 (-0.14, 0.25)

0.574

0.11

-0.18 (-0.92, 0.55)

0.616

0.13

-0.03 (-0.28, 0.21)

0.796

0.06

0.15 (-0.55, 0.86)

0.660

0.11

Number of falls in past 3 months

 Pre-test

11.50 (-0.44, 23.44)

0.059

0.50

12.03 (-0.15, 24.22)

0.053

0.52

7.84 (-4.05, 19.74)

0.192

0.34

0.53 (-0.16, 1.23)

0.131

0.39

-3.66 (-5.79, -1.53)

0.001*

0.89

-4.19 (-6.23, -2.14)

 < 0.001*

1.06

 Post-test

4.37 (1.98, 6.75)

0.001*

0.96

4.77 (2.46, 7.07)

 < 0.001*

1.09

0.48 (-1.82, 2.78)

0.675

0.11

0.40 (-0.28, 1.08)

0.244

0.30

-3.89 (-4.57, -3.21)

 < 0.001*

2.77

-4.29 (-4.45, -4.13)

 < 0.001*

6.59

Number of falls in past 12 months

 Pre-test

2.94 (-2.26, 8.15)

0.262

0.29

5.24 (1.09, 9.40)

0.015

0.67

2.73 (-1.33, 6.79)

0.183

0.34

2.30 (-0.99, 5.59)

0.168

0.36

-0.21 (-3.52, 3.09)

0.897

0.03

-2.51 (-3.40, -1.63)

 < 0.001*

1.46

 Post-test

0.94 (-0.50, 2.38)

0.194

0.34

1.84 (0.61, 3.08)

0.005*

0.78

-1.00 (-2.19, 0.19)

0.095

0.43

0.90 (-0.02, 1.82)

0.056

0.51

-1.95 (-2.81, -1.09)

 < 0.001*

1.14

-2.85 (-3.21, -2.49)

 < 0.001*

3.39

  1. TC = tai chi, MPT = muscle power training, CI = confidence interval, d = Cohen’s d, LOS = limits of stability, DLOS = dynamic limits of stability, MABC-2 = Movement Assessment Battery for Children–Second Edition.
  2. *p < 0.0083 (Bonferroni-adjusted).
Back to article page