Table 3 Simplified simple mediation analysis results (N = 5471).

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7
	Disability	Pain	Disability	Depression	Disability	Depression	Disability
Sex	0.17	0.44**	− 0.19	1.58**	− 0.11	0.89**	− 0.32*
age	0.072**	− 0.01*	0.08**	− 0.07**	0.08**	− 0.06**	0.09**
Residence	0.08	0.09	0.00	0.86**	− 0.08	0.72**	− 0.10
Hukou	0.06	0.04	0.03	0.40	− 0.01	0.34	− 0.02
Educational level	− 0.41**	− 0.12**	− 0.31**	− 0.87**	− 0.25**	− 0.68**	− 0.21**
Marital status	0.50**	0.05	0.46**	1.23**	0.28	1.15**	0.29*
Income	− 0.05	− 0.03	− 0.02	− 0.46**	0.04	− 0.42**	0.04
chronic diseases	0.82**	0.47**	0.43**	1.78**	0.50**	1.04**	0.28**
Smoking status	− 0.29	0.10	− 0.37*	0.58*	− 0.39*	0.58*	− 0.43**
Drinking status	− 0.43**	− 0.010*	− 0.35*	− 0.74**	− 0.30*	− 0.59**	− 0.27*
HAP	0.59**	0.16**	0.46**	1.58**	0.45**	0.49**	0.39**
PAIN	–	–	0.82**	–	–	1.57**	0.599**
Depression	–	–	–	–	0.18**	–	0.14**

Simple mediation A (HAP → pain → disability) include Model 1, Model 2 and Model 3; simple mediation B (HAP → depression → disability) include Model 1, Model 4 and Model 5; **p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; Serial Mediation (HAP → pain → depression → disability) include Model 2, Model 6, Model 1 and Model 7; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

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