Table 3 Predictors of MACE on multivariable analysis.

From: Residual ST-segment elevation to predict long-term clinical and CMR-derived outcomes in STEMI

Variable

Model 1: Baseline characteristics

Model 2: Baseline characteristics + echocardiography

Model 3: Baseline characteristics + echocardiography + ECG

Hazard Ratio [95% CI]

p

Hazard ratio [95% CI]

p

Hazard ratio [95% CI]

p

Baseline characteristics

Age (years)

1.02 [0.99–1.05]

0.19

–

–

–

–

Smoker

1.49 [0.87–2.57]

0.15

–

–

–

–

Hypertension

1.63 [1.06–2.51]

0.03

2 [1.19–3.38]

0.01

2 [1.2–3.34]

0.008

Previous CAD

3.04 [1.61–5.74]

0.001

2.7 [1.34–5.45]

0.005

1.99 [1.05–3.78]

0.04

Killip class ≥ II

0.89 [0.46–1.75]

0.74

–

–

–

–

GRACE risk score

1.02 [1.02–1.03]

 < 0.001

1.02 [1.01–1.03]

 < 0.001

1.02 [1.01–1.03]

 < 0.001

Heart rate (bpm)

1.01 [1–1.02]

0.02

1.01 [1–1.03]

0.04

1.01 [0.99–1.02]

0.11

Inferior infarction (vs. anterior infarction)

0.83 [0.52–1.34]

0.44

–

–

  

Lateral infarction (vs. anterior infarction)

0.25 [0.08–0.83]

0.02

0.4 [0.2–1.05]

0.07

–

–

Multivessel disease

1.25 [0.76–2.08]

0.38

–

–

–

–

Time to revascularization (min)

1 [0.99–1]

0.13

–

–

–

–

TIMI flow grade after pPCI < 3

1.37 [0.69–2.73]

0.37

–

–

–

–

Beta blockers

0.89 [0.55–1.43]

0.63

–

–

–

–

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist

2.61 [1.56–4.34]

 < 0.001

1.95 [1.05–3.6]

0.03

1.64 [0.9–2.99]

0.1

Diuretics

2.47 [1.48–4.13]

0.001

1.43 [0.79–2.59]

0.24

–

–

Echocardiographic variables

LVEF

–

–

0.97 [0.95–0.99]

0.006

0.96 [0.94–0.98]

 < 0.001

LV end-systolic volume (mL)

–

–

–*

–*

–*

–*

Left atrium diameter (mm)

–

–

1 [0.98–1.02]

0.95

–

–

ECG variables

Maximum sum-STE (mm)

–

–

–

–

1.02 [0.99–1.05]

0.25

Minimum sum-STE (mm)

–

–

–

–

0.94 [0.86–1.03]

0.2

Q wave (n of leads)

–

–

–

–

1.15 [0.97–1.35]

0.11

Q-STE (n of leads)

–

–

–

–

1.24 [1.07–1.44]

0.004

  1. bpm Beats per minute, CAD Coronary artery disease, CI Confidence interval, GRACE Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events, LV Left ventricular, LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction, MACE Major adverse cardiovascular events, Q-STE Q wave and residual STE > 1 mm, Sum-STE Sum of ST-segment elevation, TIMI Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.
  2. “Model 1: Baseline characteristics” refers to the 14 baseline variables showing an association (p value < 0.1 in Table 1) with occurrence of MACE.
  3. “Model 2: Baseline characteristics + echocardiography” includes variables of Model 1 independently related to MACE plus echocardiographic indices showing an association with MACE (p value < 0.1 in Table 2). *LV end-systolic volume (mL) was removed from multivariable analysis due to excessive collinearity (variance inflation factor > 5 and tolerance statistic < 0.2) with LVEF.
  4. “Model 3: Baseline characteristics + echocardiography + ECG” includes variables of Model 2 independently related to occurrence of MACE plus ECG indices showing an association with MACE (p value < 0.1 in Table 2).
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