Figure 3
Results of noninvasive EBGS FEM models in sheep investigating stimulation electrode configurations. (a) Increased distance between the fracture defect and the stimulation electrodes is correlated to decreased voltage at the defect site during noninvasive EBGS therapy. This supports our hypothesis that EBGSs are critically limited in humans and large-animal models due to the weak electric fields reaching the fracture site. (b) Electric potential solution with stimulation electrode over defect site in monopolar configuration with distant return. (c) Electric potential solution with stimulation electrode opposite defect site in monopolar configuration with distant return. (d) Electric potential solution with stimulation electrodes in bipolar configuration: one over defect site and one opposite defect site. (e) Electric potential solution with stimulation electrodes in bipolar configuration: both opposite defect site. (f) Electric potential solution with stimulation electrodes in bipolar configuration: both over defect site. This configuration was used in all reported cadaver measurements.
