Table 2 Association between serum VOCs and cotinine levels in 10,538 non-smokers†.

From: Association between serum cotinine and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in adults living with HIV, HBV, or HCV (NHANES 2005–2018)

Parameters

Low cotinine (< 0.02 ng/mL) group (Median and Percentiles (P25–P75))

High cotinine (≥ 0.02 ng/mL) group (Median and Percentiles (P25–P75))

 

95% Wald Confidence Interval for β

OR

95% Wald Confidence Interval for OR

β

Std. Error

Lower

Upper

P value

Lower

Upper

(Intercept)

–

–

− 1.000

0.315

− 1.617

− 0.382

0.002

0.368

0.198

0.683

1,2-Dichlorobenzene (ng/mL)

0.010 (0.010–0.010)

0.040 (0.020–0.130)

0.126

0.026

0.076

0.177

 < 0.001

1.135

1.079

1.193

1,2-Dichloroethane (ng/mL)

0.050 (0.017–0.050)

0.050 (0.018–0.050)

0.0004

0.001

− 0.001

0.002

0.548

1.000

0.999

1.002

Tetrachloroethene (ng/mL)

0.005 (0.005–0.007)

0.005 (0.005–0.007)

− 0.227

0.153

− 0.527

0.073

0.139

0.797

0.591

1.076

Benzene (ng/mL)

0.012 (0.012–0.017)

0.012 (0.012–0.017)

0.153

0.114

− 0.070

0.376

0.180

1.165

0.932

1.456

Chlorobenzene (ng/mL)

0.006 (0.006–0.008)

0.006 (0.006–0.008)

0.002

0.003

− 0.003

0.007

0.477

1.002

0.997

1.007

Carbon Tetrachloride (ng/mL)

0.003 (0.002–0.004)

0.005 (0.002–0.006)

0.401

0.108

0.190

0.613

 < 0.001

1.493

1.209

1.846

Methylene Chloride (ng/mL)

0.125 (0.125–0.177)

0.125 (0.125–0.177)

0.171

0.169

− 0.161

0.503

0.312

1.187

0.852

1.653

Trichloroethene (ng/mL)

0.006 (0.006–0.009)

0.006 (0.006–0.009)

− 0.006

0.155

− 0.309

0.297

0.970

0.994

0.734

1.346

1,1,1-Trichloroethane (ng/mL)

0.005 (0.005–0.007)

0.005 (0.005–0.007)

0.001

0.001

0.0001

0.002

0.113

1.001

1.000

1.002

2,5-Dimethylfuran (ng/mL)

0.006 (0.005–0.008)

0.006 (0.006–0.008)

0.076

0.046

− 0.015

0.166

0.101

1.079

0.985

1.181

Nitrobenzene (ng/mL)

0.150 (0.150–0.226)

0.150 (0.150–0.226)

0.250

0.256

− 0.252

0.751

0.329

1.283

0.777

2.119

  1. †Multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, family poverty index ratio (PIR), depression status, and drug use history. Std. Error, standard error; OR, odds ratio; N, sample size.
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