Table 5 Fibrotic, inflammatory and oxidative stress molecules, and markers of left-atrial voltage mapping in men patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) according to relaxin-2 subgroups.

From: Relaxin-2 plasma levels in atrial fibrillation are linked to inflammation and oxidative stress markers

 

Men

All patients (n = 59)

Left atrium relaxin-2 plasma levels

Peripheral vein relaxin-2 plasma levels

 ≤ 20.19 ± 44.59 pg/mL (n = 29)

 > 20.19 ± 44.59 pg/mL (n = 30)

p-value

 ≤ 35.03 ± 53.79 pg/mL (n = 29)

 > 35.03 ± 53.79 pg/mL (n = 30)

p-value

LA Gal-3 (ng/mL), median ± IQR

12.72 ± 5.80 (n = 55)

10.59 ± 6.20 (n = 27)

13.63 ± 6.00 (n = 28)

0.074

10.60 ± 5.98 (n = 26)

13.83 ± 5.94 (n = 29)

0.041

Peripheral vein Gal-3 (ng/mL), median ± IQR

14.18 ± 5.29 (n = 55)

13.50 ± 6.59 (n = 27)

15.02 ± 4.64 (n = 28)

0.072

12.93 ± 4.79 (n = 26)

15.61 ± 5.27 (n = 29)

0.009

LA DEFA3 (a.u), median ± IQR

1.84 ± 0.15

1.86 ± 0.13

1.82 ± 0.11

0.019

1.86 ± 0.13

1.82 ± 0.13

0.004

LA IL-6 (a.u), median ± IQR

1.46 ± 0.08 (n = 58)

1.48 ± 0.06 (n = 28)

1.43 ± 0.05

0.002

1.48 ± 0.06 (n = 28)

1.43 ± 0.06

0.000

LA H2O2 (μM), median ± IQR

0.12 ± 0.19 (n = 55)

0.13 ± 0.23

0.12 ± 0.18 (n = 26)

0.327

0.13 ± 0.29

0.11 ± 0.12 (n = 26)

0.073

Peripheral vein H2O2 (μM), median ± IQR

0.11 ± 0.10 (n = 55)

0.12 ± 0.07

0.09 ± 0.13 (n = 26)

0.211

0.13 ± 0.09

0.07 ± 0.08 (n = 26)

0.002

LA voltage mapping (cm2), median ± IQR

Total area of scar

219.20 ± 61.60 (n = 55)

215.05 ± 55.35 (n = 26)

224.30 ± 64.85 (n = 29)

1.000

213.60 ± 62.70 (n = 25)

223.85 ± 60.67

1.000

Atrial area of scar

96.70 ± 35.40 (n = 55)

92.60 ± 37.10 (n = 26)

98.10 ± 29.90 (n = 29)

0.869

97.40 ± 32.40 (n = 25)

95.15 ± 37.35

0.492

Health area (> 1.5 mV)

84.00 ± 31.80 (n = 55)

71.40 ± 41.50 (n = 26)

88.60 ± 29.65 (n = 29)

1.000

74.40 ± 39.80 (n = 25)

85.80 ± 30.78

0.495

TrZ area (0.5–1.5 mV)

5.60 ± 12.10 (n = 55)

5.00 ± 12.22 (n = 26)

7.00 ± 12.75 (n = 29)

0.008

5.60 ± 12.00 (n = 25)

6.30 ± 12.83

0.956

LVZ Area (< 0.5 mV)

1.60 ± 8.20 (n = 55)

1.75 ± 12.88 (n = 26)

1.20 ± 5.05 (n = 29)

0.487

0.70 ± 10.10 (n = 25)

1.65 ± 6.83

0.198

  1. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) and H2O2 plasma levels in left atrium (LA) and peripheral vein in all men patients with AF and in relaxin-2 LA and peripheral vein subgroups according to the median relaxin-2 distribution. Alpha defensin 3 (DEFA3) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression levels in leucocytes from LA plasma in all patients with AF and in relaxin-2 LA and peripheral vein subgroups according to the median value of relaxin-2. Values are represented as median ± Interquartile Range (IQR) in pg/mL, ng/mL, arbitrary units (a.u.), μM or cm2. The exact n values are stated in the table depending on the subgroups and the molecules studied. Statistical analysis: Mann–Whitney U test. p-value for the difference between patient groups defined according to the median value of relaxin-2 distribution in LA and peripheral vein.
  2. AF: atrial fibrillation; DEFA3: alpha defensin 3; Gal-3: galectin-3; IL-6: interleukin-6; IQR: interquartile range; LA: left atrium; LVZ: low-voltage zones; PV: pulmonary vein; TrZ: transition zone.
  3. Significant values are in bold.
  4. *p-value < 0.05, **p-value < 0.01, ***p-value < 0.001.
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