Figure 4

A serial multiple mediation model of the association between social isolation and experiencing nighttime poor sleep (e.g. falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or waking up too early in the morning) through loneliness and mental distress. Path unstandardized coefficients are depicted. C′ denotes the direct effect of social isolation on impaired sleep; c denotes the total effect of social isolation on impaired sleep via mediators. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.