Figure 1

(a) Landscape gradient across Southern Ontario, Canada (Ecoregions 5E and 6E) a North American landscape. Red (urban areas), black (intensive wind pollinated crops), and light blue (open water areas) reflect areas that provide little or no pollinator habitat. Pink represents intensive agricultural crops that provide pollinator foraging habitat, while light- to darker-green colours represent a gradient of natural and semi-natural habitats; (b) The expected relationship between extent of pollinator habitat and the bee species richness supported in the landscape. Initial increases in the amount of pollinator habitat in a landscape are associated with a steep increase in bee species richness. However, the slope of this red line become shallower with additional increases in the extent of pollinator habitat, until it reaches an asymptote—signifying the optimal landscape composition to support maximal bee species richness (marked with black dotted lines). Map was produced using SOLRIS v.2.1⁶⁰ and ACI data⁶¹ in ArcGIS v. 10.6.x (https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/system-requirements/10.6/arcgis-desktop-system-requirements.htm).