Figure 2
From: Genetic and ecological drivers of molt in a migratory bird
The variation of hydrogen stable isotope values across the breeding range of the Painted Bunting. Different colors match the clusters of the genetic analysis presented in Fig. 1. These genetic cluster (K1–4) correspond to an Eastern cluster (North Carolina; cyan), a Southwest cluster (Texas, red), a Central-Southeastern cluster (Louisiana, yellow), and a Central cluster, including populations from western Oklahoma to Arkansas (green). Sample sizes are presented in parentheses. (A) Violin plots resulting by subtracting stable isotope values of hydrogen in feathers (δ2Hf) from stable isotope values of hydrogen in precipitation (δ2Hp) at each sampling site. δ2Hdiff values close to zero indicate molting near the sampling location. The largest δ2Hdiff variation is found in the populations of the Central cluster (green). Samples from sites H and I could not be genetically assigned with certainty and are represented with two colors (green and yellow), to indicate that could be grouped to either cluster K2 or cluster K3. (B) Map of hydrogen stable isotope values in precipitation (δ2Hp) across the Painted Bunting range and sampling locations. (C) Violin plots of δ2Hdiff values of birds grouped in four distinct clusters based on genetic membership (K1–4) and for which individual δ2Hf values were also available. As shown in panel A, the largest δ2Hdiff variation occurs in the Central cluster populations (green). A detailed list of samples used to generate the plots in panel (A,C) is included in the supplementary material (Tables S2, S3).
