Table 3 Factors associated with S. pneumoniae carriage.

Age (years)

Under 5

48

183

(26.2)

1

5–9 years

25

124

(20.2)

0.85

(0.39–1.86)

0.683

10–19 years

8

101

(7.9)

0.17

(0.05–0.61)

0.007

20–29 years

6

185

(3.2)

0.06

(0.02–0.17)

<0.001

30–39 years

21

219

(9.6)

0.23

(0.08–0.66)

0.007

40–49 years

2

87

(2.3)

0.11

(0.02–0.57)

0.009

50–59 years

6

122

(4.9)

0.29

(0.09–0.92)

0.035

60–100 years

12

128

(9.4)

0.26

(0.09–0.71)

0.009

Sex

Female

62

590

(10.5)

1

Male

66

559

(11.8)

1.15

(0.67–1.98)

0.621

Highest level of education—children =  < 16 years

None

60

243

(24.7)

1

Primary

15

93

(16.1)

0.67

(0.30–1.47)

0.315

Secondary or higher

6

48

(12.5)

0.29

(0.07–1.26)

0.099

Highest level of education—adults > 16 years

None

5

147

(3.4)

1

Primary

1

19

(5.3)

0.70

(0.07–7.17)

0.759

Secondary or higher

40

572

(7.0)

4.45

(1.30–15.21)

0.018

Occupation

Farmer

23

349

(6.6)

Factory worker

13

146

(8.9)

0.57

(0.21–1.53)

0.264

Labourer

6

154

(3.9)

0.23

(0.08–0.66)

0.007

Other employment

2

50

(4.0)

0.82

(0.13–5.37)

0.837

Still in school

81

393

(20.6)

2.68

(1.15–6.24)

0.022

Not working

2

41

(4.9)

0.20

(0.04–0.98)

0.048

Household wealth quintile

Poorest

20

236

(8.5)

1

1

1

Poor

31

221

(14.0)

1.20

(0.42–3.37)

0.733

1.54

(0.32–7.53)

0.590

1.09

(0.36–3.35)

0.880

Middle

26

262

(9.9)

1.08

(0.37–3.14)

0.891

1.65

(0.40–6.80)

0.488

0.88

(0.26–3.05)

0.845

Rich

28

225

(12.4)

0.62

(0.22–1.70)

0.347

0.84

(0.22–3.15)

0.789

0.51

(0.16–1.68)

0.268

Richest

23

205

(11.2)

0.97

(0.35–2.73)

0.956

2.94

(0.68–12.64)

0.147

0.61

(0.16–2.29)

0.465

Swabbing group

Self-administered

80

799

(10.0)

1

1

1

HW-administered

48

350

(13.7)

2.06

(1.07–3.96)

0.031

2.14

(0.73–6.31)

0.165

2.05

(0.95–4.42)

0.066

Time to lab

 < 8-h

43

386

(11.1)

1

1

1

8 or more hours

84

761

(11.0)

0.71

(0.38–1.34)

0.297

0.63

(0.19–2.06)

0.444

0.65

(0.31–1.37)

0.261

Sample period

Period1

18

291

(6.2)

1

1

1

Period2

45

373

(12.1)

1.89

(0.75–4.74)

0.176

3.43

(1.07–11.03)

0.039

1.55

(0.45–5.41)

0.486

Period3

64

484

(13.2)

1.85

(0.73–4.69)

0.197

1.51

(0.46–4.98)

0.493

2.05

(0.64–6.58)

0.226

ARI in the last 2 weeks

No

102

1002

(10.2)

1

1

1

Yes

23

96

(24.0)

3.13

(1.38–7.11)

0.007

2.23

(0.63–7.92)

0.215

2.63

(0.88–7.86)

0.084

Antibiotic use for ARI in the last 2 weeks

No

106

1011

(10.5)

1

1

1

Yes

19

87

(21.8)

3.13

(1.29–7.57)

0.012

1.98

(0.52–7.50)

0.314

2.74

(0.84–8.96)

0.096

Any antibiotic use in the last month

No

91

928

(9.8)

1

1

1

Yes

34

190

(17.9)

2.07

(1.08–3.96)

0.029

1.62

(0.57–4.56)

0.362

1.25

(0.43–3.59)

0.683

Daycare attendance

No

26

108

(24.1)

1

1

1

Yes

22

75

(29.3)

1.14

(0.41–3.13)

0.800

1.14

(0.41–3.13)

0.800

0.93

(0.44–1.98)

0.851

Household has child under-5

No

23

307

(7.5)

1

1

1

Yes

105

842

(12.5)

1.43

(0.69–2.97)

0.329

0.27

(0.16–0.45)

<0.001

0.93

(0.44–1.98)

0.851

Crowding – more than 2 people per sleeping room

No

79

832

(9.5)

1

1

1

Yes

49

317

(15.5)

2.05

(0.98–4.29)

0.056

3.06

(1.02–9.23)

0.047

1.57

(0.66–3.75)

0.308

Indoor smoke

No

94

804

(11.7)

1

1

1

Yes

34

345

(9.9)

1.35

(0.67–2.73)

0.404

2.42

(0.78–7.55)

0.125

1.26

(0.56–2.85)

0.570

Handwashing facility with water and soap

No

13

121

(10.7)

1

1

1

Yes

115

1028

(11.2)

0.93

(0.28–3.05)

0.906

2.52

(0.66–9.67)

0.177

0.74

(0.20–2.73)

0.646