Table 3 Ex-ante and post effects on Olympic host countries.
From: The less obvious effect of hosting the Olympics on sporting performance
Baseline model | Extended model | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
Main | ||||||
OG96 | 0.544*** | 0.566** | 0.208 | 0.0207 | 0.102 | − 0.390 |
(0.191) | (0.277) | (0.389) | (0.196) | (0.280) | (0.395) | |
OG00 | 0.476*** | 0.294 | 0.646*** | 0.361** | 0.165 | 0.555** |
(0.182) | (0.267) | (0.219) | (0.176) | (0.253) | (0.217) | |
OG04 | 0.273 | 0.311 | 0.319 | 0.384 | 0.360 | 0.531 |
(0.262) | (0.263) | (0.411) | (0.254) | (0.264) | (0.400) | |
OG08 | 0.459** | 0.291 | 0.737*** | 0.101 | 0.0203 | 0.335 |
(0.206) | (0.308) | (0.241) | (0.185) | (0.274) | (0.237) | |
OG12 | 0.759*** | 0.694*** | 0.601** | 0.577*** | 0.546** | 0.389* |
(0.195) | (0.220) | (0.239) | (0.188) | (0.214) | (0.228) | |
OG16 | 0.310 | 0.767*** | − 0.167 | 0.362 | 0.801*** | − 0.0877 |
(0.242) | (0.278) | (0.433) | (0.247) | (0.288) | (0.437) | |
OG20 | 0.496** | 0.457* | 0.364 | 0.114 | 0.119 | − 0.0241 |
(0.242) | (0.253) | (0.326) | (0.228) | (0.238) | (0.302) | |
Pre96 | 0.244 | − 0.0614 | 0.610** | 0.181 | − 0.132 | 0.552* |
(0.235) | (0.377) | (0.284) | (0.225) | (0.346) | (0.283) | |
Pre00 | 0.347 | 0.454 | 0.235 | 0.446 | 0.500 | 0.431 |
(0.332) | (0.324) | (0.428) | (0.331) | (0.328) | (0.419) | |
Pre04 | − 0.295 | − 0.723* | 0.00501 | − 0.454* | − 0.761** | − 0.199 |
(0.295) | (0.438) | (0.238) | (0.246) | (0.352) | (0.227) | |
Pre08 | 0.205 | − 0.184 | 0.784** | 0.0678 | − 0.265 | 0.551* |
(0.256) | (0.246) | (0.317) | (0.234) | (0.229) | (0.310) | |
Pre12 | 0.331 | 0.597** | 0.296 | 0.387 | 0.630** | 0.360 |
(0.247) | (0.247) | (0.377) | (0.252) | (0.254) | (0.382) | |
Pre16 | 0.306 | 0.435 | − 0.000362 | − 0.100 | 0.0910 | − 0.378 |
(0.307) | (0.328) | (0.429) | (0.289) | (0.297) | (0.399) | |
Pre20 | 0.00174 | − 0.0542 | 0.0951 | − 0.169 | − 0.199 | − 0.106 |
(0.198) | (0.224) | (0.274) | (0.190) | (0.213) | (0.279) | |
Post96 | 0.626** | 0.754** | 0.638 | 0.499* | 0.604* | 0.551 |
(0.282) | (0.329) | (0.460) | (0.280) | (0.325) | (0.463) | |
Post00 | 0.375* | 0.0839 | 0.273 | − 0.189 | − 0.411 | − 0.359 |
(0.208) | (0.323) | (0.343) | (0.212) | (0.327) | (0.350) | |
Post04 | 0.301 | 0.383 | 0.434 | 0.233 | 0.275 | 0.386 |
(0.268) | (0.319) | (0.295) | (0.272) | (0.310) | (0.307) | |
Post08 | − 0.953* | − 0.821 | − 1.139 | − 0.886* | − 0.805 | − 0.971 |
(0.512) | (0.658) | (0.987) | (0.516) | (0.654) | (1.002) | |
Post12 | 0.323 | 0.499 | 0.441** | − 0.139 | 0.0635 | − 0.0952 |
(0.232) | (0.355) | (0.222) | (0.213) | (0.328) | (0.219) | |
Post16 | 0.975*** | 1.121*** | 0.745*** | 0.778*** | 0.950*** | 0.532** |
(0.196) | (0.236) | (0.229) | (0.192) | (0.235) | (0.221) | |
Post20 | 0.375* | 0.454* | 0.593* | 0.464** | 0.546** | 0.692** |
(0.208) | (0.261) | (0.347) | (0.204) | (0.252) | (0.349) | |
AM | 0.716*** | 1.212*** | 1.249*** | 0.596*** | 1.049*** | 1.103*** |
(0.0296) | (0.0507) | (0.0666) | (0.0258) | (0.0518) | (0.0569) | |
lnGDPpc | 0.416*** | 0.355*** | 0.468*** | |||
(0.0243) | (0.0253) | (0.0323) | ||||
lnPOP | 0.178*** | 0.130*** | 0.227*** | |||
(0.0162) | (0.0198) | (0.0231) | ||||
Communist bloc | 0.696*** | 0.616*** | 0.743*** | |||
(0.0508) | (0.0593) | (0.0722) | ||||
OG FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Sport FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | − 1.911*** | − 2.364*** | − 2.821*** | − 9.016*** | − 8.062*** | − 11.35*** |
(0.134) | (0.156) | (0.206) | (0.444) | (0.500) | (0.608) | |
Inflate | ||||||
lnGDPpc | − 1.244*** | − 1.323*** | − 1.272*** | − 0.209 | 0.501 | − 1.060*** |
(0.115) | (0.187) | (0.154) | (0.671) | (1.140) | (0.391) | |
lnPOP | − 1.190*** | − 1.443*** | − 1.259*** | − 1.319*** | − 1.542*** | − 1.371*** |
(0.0984) | (0.190) | (0.127) | (0.140) | (0.250) | (0.247) | |
Constant | 27.85*** | 31.38*** | 30.19*** | 18.51** | 14.16 | 27.89*** |
(2.041) | (3.541) | (2.764) | (7.788) | (10.17) | (6.610) | |
Observations | 12,957 | 12,957 | 12,957 | 12,957 | 12,957 | 12,957 |
