Table 2 Adjusted standardized estimates (95% confidence interval) in HMO diversity, individual HMO concentrations and HMO structural groups (nmol/mL) per one SD increase in residential green environment (exposure) variables.

From: Residential green environments are associated with human milk oligosaccharide diversity and composition

N = 772	NDVI, normalized difference vegetation index		VCDI, vegetation cover diversity		NI, naturalness index
N = 772	Est. (95% CL)	p-value	Est. (95% CL)	p-value	Est. (95% CL)	p-value
Diversity	0.044 (− 0.027, 0.117)	0.23	0.085 (0.015, 0.155)	0.017	0.101 (0.030, 0.171)	0.005
Sum of HMOs	− 0.002 (− 0.029, 0.024)	0.87	− 0.019 (− 0.049, 0.063)	0.13	− 0.019 (− 0.044, 0.005)	0.14
HMO-bound sialic acid	0.039 (− 0.025, 0.099)	0.23	0.014 (− 0.046, 0.074)	0.66	0.060 (− 0.004, 0.120)	0.053
HMO-bound fucose	0.001 (− 0.029, 0.031)	0.92	− 0.005 (− 0.034, 0.024)	0.75	− 0.005 (− 0.034, 0.024)	0.76
2′FL	− 0.021 (− 0.041, − 0.001)	0.036*	− 0.026 (− 0.045, − 0.007)	0.010*	− 0.025 (− 0.044, − 0.005)	0.015
3FL	− 0.001 (− 0.054, 0.053)	0.97	− 0.018 (− 0.070, 0.035)	0.51	− 0.01 (− 0.062, 0.043)	0.72^C
LNnT	0.065 (− 0.007, 0.137)	0.079	0.065 (− 0.007, 0.134)	0.077	0.062 (− 0.010, 0.132)	0.087
3′SL	0.018 (− 0.053, 0.089)	0.62	− 0.034 (− 0.101, 0.036)	0.35	− 0.002 (− 0.070, 0.070)	0.99^C
DFLac	0.022 (− 0.007, 0.051)	0.14	0.032 (0.004, 0.061)	0.026*	0.024 (− 0.005, 0.053)	0.10
6'SL	0.005 (− 0.061, 0.071)	0.87	− 0.009 (− 0.073, 0.057)	0.81*	0.036 (− 0.029, 0.102)	0.28
LNT	0.014 (− 0.055, 0.085)	0.69	0.065 (0.002, 0.134)	0.060	0.037 (− 0.032, 0.107)	0.29
LNFP I	− 0.004 (− 0.045, 0.035)	0.82	− 0.002 (− 0.041, 0.038)	0.94	− 0.016 (− 0.055, 0.024)	0.43*^C
LNFP II	0.045 (− 0.017, 0.109)	0.15	0.036 (− 0.026, 0.098)	0.24	0.045 (− 0.017, 0.106)	0.16
LNFP III	− 0.024 (− 0.088, 0.041)	0.48	− 0.006 (− 0.070, 0.057)	0.85	− 0.031 (− 0.096, 0.033)	0.35
LSTb	0.054 (− 0.013, 0.041)	0.12	0.106 (0.040, 0.171)	0.002	0.096 (0.031, 0.164)	0.005
LSTc	0.016 (− 0.055, 0.079)	0.70	− 0.012 (− 0.081, 0.055)	0.72*	− 0.016 (− 0.085, 0.053)	0.65*
DFLNT	0.070 (0.002, 0.143)	0.042	0.057 (− 0.008, 0.124)	0.089	0.087 (0.020, 0.154)	0.011
LNH	− 0.014 (− 0.087, 0.058)	0.70	0.022 (− 0.049, 0.093)	0.54	− 0.025 (− 0.096, 0.046)	0.49
DSLNT	0.057 (− 0.016, 0.127)	0.12	0.08 (0.012, 0.150)	0.024	0.082 (0.012, 0.152)	0.023
FLNH	− 0.025 (− 0.093, 0.043)	0.47*	0.016 (− 0.052, 0.083)	0.65	− 0.004 (− 0.071, 0.063)	0.92*
DFLNH	0.018 (− 0.043, 0.078)	0.56	0.035 (− 0.024, 0.093)	0.25	0.003 (− 0.057, 0.063)	0.91^C
FDSLNH	0.017 (− 0.047, 0.081)	0.59	0.039 (− 0.023, 0.102)	0.22	0.003 (− 0.061, 0.066)	0.94
DSLNH	− 0.019 (− 0.089, 0.053)	0.60	− 0.055 (− 0.123, 0.014)	0.12*	− 0.024 (− 0.094, 0.044)	0.49*
Small HMOs	− 0.027 (− 0.061, 0.005)	0.11	− 0.053 (− 0.085, − 0.020)	0.002*	− 0.042 (− 0.075, − 0.010)	0.012
Type 1 HMOs	0.029 (− 0.033, 0.091)	0.37	0.057 (− 0.005, 0.117)	0.074	0.033 (− 0.029, 0.095)	0.31^C
Type 2 HMOs	0.060 (− 0.012, 0.133)	0.093	0.060 (− 0.009, 0.130)	0.089	0.052 (− 0.017, 0.121)	0.15
α-1-2-fucosylated HMOs	− 0.018 (− 0.038, 0.002)	0.077	− 0.021 (− 0.041, − 0.001)	0.033	− 0.030 (− 0.049, − 0.010)	0.003*
Terminal α-2-6- sialylated HMOs	0.006 (− 0.060, 0.072)	0.86	− 0.014 (− 0.078, 0.050)	0.68*	0.032 (− 0.034, 0.096)	0.35
Internal α-2-6-sialylated HMOs	0.062 (− 0.008, 0.133)	0.079	0.091 (0.023, 0.160)	0.010	0.091 (0.021, 0.160)	0.010
Terminal α-2-3-sialylated HMOs	0.044 (− 0.026, 0.114)	0.22	0.009 (− 0.058, 0.079)	0.79	0.041 (− 0.029, 0.111)	0.24

Standardization means that both the exposure and outcome have been standardized (log scale in all other outcome variables expect Diversity, which is in the original scale). The exposure variables were measured at the time of child was born (2008–2010) with 750 m × 750 m grid size around the homes of the families. Statistics are given for main effects and significant values are in bold. * Indicates a significant interaction between the exposure variable and secretor status (p < 0.05). ^C Indicates a significant curvilinear association with the exposure variable (p < 0.05). Models were adjusted for secretor status, season, lactation time, lactation status, child sex, child birth weight, birth mode, duration of pregnancy, number of previous births, marital status, occupation, education, smoking, pre-pregnancy BMI, diseases.
2′-fucosyllactose (2′FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), 3′-sialyllactose (3′SL), difucosyllactose (DFlac), 6′-sialyllactose (6′SL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), lacto-Nfucopentaose (LNFP) I, LNFP II, LNFP III, sialyl-LNT (LST) b, LSTc, difucosyllacto-LNT (DFLNT), lacto-N-hexaose (LNH), disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT), fucosyllacto-Nhexaose (FLNH), difucosyllacto-N-hexaose (DFLNH), fucodisialyllacto-lacto-N-hexaose (FDSLNH) and disialyllacto-N-hexaose (DSLNH). HMO groups: small HMOs (2’FL, 3FL, 3′SL, 6′SL, and DFLac), type 1 HMOs (LNT, LNFP I, LNFP II, LSTb, DSLNT), type 2 HMOs (LNnT, LNFP III, LSTc), α-1-2-fucosylated HMOs (2′FL, LNFP I), terminal α-2-6-sialylated HMOs (6′SL, LSTc), internal α-2-6-sialylated HMOs (DSLNT, LSTb), terminal α-2-3-sialylated HMOs (3′SL, DSLNT).

Back to article page

Table 2 Adjusted standardized estimates (95% confidence interval) in HMO diversity, individual HMO concentrations and HMO structural groups (nmol/mL) per one SD increase in residential green environment (exposure) variables.

Search

Quick links