Table 3 Robustness check.

From: Study on carbon emission reduction effect of institutional openness in China

 

Counterfactual test

Non-random factors

Other policy factors

Abnormal value

PSM-DID

2 years in advance

4 years in advance

Shrink tail 1%

Shrink tail 2%

Radius matching

Nuclear matching

Nearest neighbor matching

Policyit

0.015

− 0.023

− 0.064***

− 0.048***

− 0.065***

− 0.053***

− 0.058***

− 0.063***

− 0.046***

− 0.042***

− 0.051***

(1.21)

(− 1.39)

(− 3.59)

(− 3.04)

(− 3.56)

(− 3.63)

(− 4.18)

(− 4.47)

(− 4.40)

(− 4.14)

(− 4.38)

Municipality directly

  

− 0.050

        
  

(− 1.27)

        

Provincial capital

  

0.029

        
  

(0.95)

        

Sub provincial city

  

0.008

        
  

(0.29)

        

Northern cities

  

0.005

        
  

(0.16)

        

Carbon emission right

   

− 0.021

       
   

(− 0.93)

       

Low carbon pilot cities

    

0.024

      
    

(1.06)

      

Central environmental protection inspector

     

0.003

     
     

(0.27)

     

lnfdi

0.071

− 0.110

− 0.120

− 0.122

− 0.119

− 0.121

− 0.107

− 0.105

− 0.261

− 0.281*

− 0.620***

(1.14)

(− 1.33)

(− 1.47)

(− 1.49)

(− 1.46)

(− 1.49)

(− 1.30)

(− 1.32)

(− 1.61)

(− 1.73)

(− 2.69)

lnpgdp

0.770***

0.481**

0.477**

0.468**

0.477**

0.473**

0.252

0.163

0.397

0.456*

0.325

(5.73)

(2.33)

(2.35)

(2.31)

(2.36)

(2.34)

(1.29)

(0.81)

(1.46)

(1.66)

(0.73)

lnpgdp2

− 0.037***

0.022**

− 0.022**

− 0.021**

− 0.022**

− 0.021**

− 0.011

− 0.006

− 0.018

− 0.021*

− 0.014

(− 5.88)

(− 2.23)

(− 2.25)

(− 2.21)

(− 2.25)

(− 2.24)

(− 1.14)

(− 0.64)

(− 1.49)

(− 1.67)

(− 0.73)

lnsec

0.007

0.086***

0.085***

0.086***

0.084***

0.085***

0.059*

0.045

0.023

0.008

0.013

(0.41)

(2.94)

(2.91)

(2.94)

(2.87)

(2.92)

(2.03)

(1.36)

(0.70)

(0.25)

(0.25)

lnfae

− 0.013**

0.012

0.012

0.011

0.011

0.011

0.014

0.014

0.007

0.006

− 0.004

(− 2.02)

(1.24)

(1.22)

(1.15)

(1.21)

(1.14)

(1.49)

(1.50)

(0.63)

(0.51)

(− 0.27)

lngov

− 0.012*

− 0.018*

− 0.017*

− 0.016

− 0.016*

− 0.016*

− 0.017*

− 0.015

− 0.021**

− 0.022**

− 0.040**

(− 1.78)

(− 1.76)

(− 1.68)

(− 1.64)

(− 1.67)

(− 1.65)

(− 1.72)

(− 1.49)

(− 2.17)

(− 2.27)

(− 2.21)

lnfina

0.012

0.027*

0.025*

0.024*

0.025*

0.025*

0.028**

0.028**

0.032***

0.034***

0.061***

(1.32)

(1.96)

(1.91)

(1.88)

(1.90)

(1.89)

(2.02)

(1.97)

(2.73)

(2.95)

(− 2.96)

lnper

0.023**

− 0.008

− 0.007

− 0.005

− 0.007

− 0.006

− 0.07

− 0.080

0.004

0.006

− 0.039

(2.53)

(0.52)

(− 0.45)

(− 0.37)

(0.44)

(0.40)

(− 0.44)

(− 0.53)

(0.18)

(0.27)

(− 0.73)

N

3976

3976

3976

3976

3976

3976

3976

3976

3976

3976

3976

R2

0.496

0.818

0.819

0.819

0.819

0.819

0.810

0.800

0.650

0.655

0.652

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