Table 1 Population genetic differentiation via pairwise FST estimates between Spodoptera frugiperda populations from the invasive ranges of Africa (Uganda, Malawi, Benin), South Asia (India), East Asia (China (Cangyuan (CY), Xinping (XP), YuanJiang (YJ)), South Korea), Southeast Asia (Malaysia (Johor, Kedah, Penang States), Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar), and Pacific/Australia (Papua New Guinea (PNG), Australia—Kununurra (Western Australia, WA), Northern Territory (NT), Strathmore, Walkamin, Burdekin, Mackay (Queensland, Qld), Wee Waa (New South Wales, NSW).

From: Complex multiple introductions drive fall armyworm invasions into Asia and Australia

  1. Estimates of significance are: (*) P ≤ 0.05; P ≤ 0.01 (**). Values in red are significant differentiation between pairwise comparisons, values in green cells are not significant. Western African (Benin) population (light grey column) showed non-significant pairwise FST values with all locations except with the Malaysian Kedah State population. Refer to Table S1 and “Material and methods” section for population details and statistical calculation approach. Refer to33 for details of African and Asian FAW populations.
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